L-- Researcher bias

Question 1

Confirmation bias

Answer 1

When the researcher has a prior belief and uses the research to confirm this belief.

Ways to avoid:
• Repeat the research
• Reflexivity

Question 2

Biased reporting

Answer 2

When findings of the study are not equally represented in the research report
(both micro and macro level)

Ways to avoid:
• Reflexivity and researcher triangulation
• Researcher needs to review the results

Question 3

Leading question bias

Answer 3

When the questions in an interview are worded in a way that encourage a certain answer.

Ways to avoid:
Ask open-ended and neutral questions

Question 4

Question order bias

Answer 4

When the response to one question influences the participant’s responses to subsequent questions

Ways to avoid:
Ask general questions before specific ones
Positive questions before negative ones

Question 5

Sampling bias

Answer 5

When the sample is not adequate for the aim of the study

Ways to avoid:
Larger sample size
More diverse sample