L-29

Question 1

What is infantile hypothyroidism

Answer 1

Disorder caused by too little thyroid hormone secretion in newborns due to too little iodine in mothers diet

Question 2

What are the symptoms of infantile hypothyroidism?

Answer 2

• slow metabolism
• persistent cold feeling
• retarded growth
• inhibited brain development

Question 3

Why are iodine supplements for women trying to get pregnant/ pregnant women recommended in no

Answer 3

To ensure there is sufficient iodine in babies diet to allow for enough thyroid hormone production

Question 4

What is iodine deficiency disorder?

Answer 4

• disorder caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormone due to lack of dietary iodine

Question 5

What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency disorder? How are they caused?

Answer 5

• growth of thyroid gland
• when stored TH is depleted TRH and TSH are stimulated to be produced to trigger more production of TH but without iodine this cannot occur.
• this leads to a removal of negative feedback control and excess TSH causes the swelling of the gland

Question 6

What is Graves’ disease?

Answer 6

Disorder caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormone due to autoimmunity causing destruction of receptors

Question 7

What are the symptoms of Graves’ disease?

Answer 7

• high metabolic weight

- weight loss

Question 8

What is hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 8

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone due to tumors

Question 9

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and how are they caused?

Answer 9

• increased PTH increases osteoclast activity to release calcium which makes bones soft, deformed and fragile
• increases blood calcium and phosphate concentration which leads to increased formation of calcium phosphate kidney stones

Question 10

What is hypercalcaemia?

Answer 10

Disorder occurring when blood calcium concentration is too high and can be caused by tumors

Question 11

What are the symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

Answer 11

• nerve and muscle cells become less responsive and excitable
• Can lead to depression of nervous system, emotional disturbances, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes
• if plasma levels are significantly elevated it can lead to cardiac arrest

Question 12

What is hypocalcaemia? What can it be caused by? (5)

Answer 12

Disorder that occurs when blood calcium concentration is too low 
Can be cause by:
- vitamin deficiency
- diarrhoea 
- thyroid tumors
- underactive parathyroid gland
- pregnancy and lactation

Question 13

What are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

Answer 13

• increased exitability of the nervous system that can cause muscle cramps, tremors and spasms
• when concentration is very low patient can experience paraesthesia (burning/tingling sensation) in the hands and face
• contraction of muscles in larynx which can cut off air flow

Question 14

What os diabetes Mellitus type 1?

Answer 14

Disease caused by hyposecretion of insulin due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells by immune system

Question 15

What are the symptoms of diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 15

• Glucosuria (sugars in urine)

- polyuria ( excess urine production)

Question 16

What is the treatment for diabetes Mellitus type 1?

Answer 16

insulin injections or infusions

Question 17

What is Diabetes Mellitus type 2:

Answer 17

Disease caused by hyposensitive insulin receptors or “insulin resistance” due to desensitisation of insulin receptors. Associated with obesity

Question 18

What is the treatment for diabetes Mellitus type 2?

Answer 18

Changes in diet and excersise

Question 19

Why isn’t hyposecretion of glucagon a big issue like insulin is?

Answer 19

Th role of glucagon is to raise blood sugar concentration which is also done by cortisol, adrenaline, and growth hormone

Question 20

When would you need to shift the set point to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 20

• change in altitude - change blood count for oxygen carrying capabilities
• Shift in location to a new climate- change BMR
• Fever- temporary shift in temp set point to kill bug