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Hubs- Endocrine > L-28 > Flashcards

L-28 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cortisol?

A

Steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex released in response to stress, day/night rhythms, or low blood glucose

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2
Q

When is cortisol produced

A

Produced as required when signalled by the hypothalamus and pituitary

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3
Q

What is the process from secretion to effect of cortisol?

A
  • carried in the blood bound to a carrier protein (corticosteroid-binding globulin) to target cell
  • disassociates from carrier protein and diffuses through membrane
  • binds to receptor in the cytoplasm
  • Complex formed moves into the nucleus and binds to DNA causing the activation of specific genes
  • mRNA transcription and translation occurs and a new protein is synthesised
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4
Q

Is cortisol fast or slow acting?

A

Slow acting

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5
Q

What are the steps of the cortisol secretion sequence?

A
  • stress/ daynight rhythms/ blood glucose concentration stimulates hypothalamus to secrete corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • this stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • this stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
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6
Q

What are the effects of cortisol secretion?

A
  • increased protein breakdown and decreased glucose uptake in muscle
  • increased fat breakdown and decreased glucose uptake in fat
  • increased glucose synthesis in the liver
  • helps to cope with stress
  • long term suppresses the immune system
  • essential for blood pressure maintainence
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7
Q

What are trends in the daily pattern of cortisol secretion? What can effect these?

A
  • pulses during the day in response to specific body conditions and stresses
  • highest peak is upon waking
  • affected by disturbances to normal sleep patterns ( little sleep, jet lag, night shifts)
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8
Q

What are the functions of cortisol? (5)

A
  • increasing fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism to increase blood glucose concentration
  • promoting anti-inflammatory actions
  • increasing blood pressure
  • increasing heart and blood vessel tone and contraction
  • activation of the CNS
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9
Q

How is cortisol secretion homeostasis controlled?

A

Through negative feedback from intermediate products except in times of stress

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10
Q

What are potential problems with hormone signalling?

A

Hyposecretion- to little hormone secretion
Hypersecretion- to much hormone secretion
Hyposensitive- little (or no) response from receptors
Hypersensitive- too much response from receptors

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11
Q

What can problems with hormone signalling be cause by?

A
  • autoimmmunity- destruction or receptors or artificial stimulation of receptors
  • genetic mutation- can cause gain or loss of function
  • tumors- excess tissue leads to excess hormone release, can rarely lead to prevention of release
  • other- many other factors can disrupt hormone signalling
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12
Q

What is Addison’s disease caused by?

What are the symptoms?

A
  • hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone caused by destruction of receptor due to autoimmunity
  • low cortisol concentration leads to repeated signalling of anterior pituitary to release ACTH
  • excess ACTH simulates melanin synthesis, low blood pressure and weakness
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13
Q

What is Cushing disease cause by? What are the symptoms?

A
  • hypersecretion or cortisol due to tumors

- high cortisol leads to high blood pressure, weakness due to muscle wasting, and weight gain in unusual places

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14
Q

What are the phases of the stress response?

A
  • Alarm
  • Resistance
  • Echaustion
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15
Q

Explain the alarm phase of the stress response:

A
  • fight or flight immediate short term response

- adrenaline secretion causes short term sympathetic nervous system response

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16
Q

Explain the resistance phase of the stress response

A
  • occurs if still receiving stimulus after a few hours
  • ADH and cortisol have their effects
  • remaining energy reserves are mobilised
  • glucose is conserved
  • increased blood glucose concentration
17
Q

Explain the exhaustion phase of the stress response:

A
  • occurs after weeks or months of continual stress

- can lead to heart attacks and death

18
Q

Explain the integrated stress response

A
  • stimulus is tress
  • hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • this stimulates action potentials to travel down the sympathetic preganglionic neuron to the adrenal medulla, the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH
  • The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline, the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, and the ADH travels to the receptors
  • blood glucose increases, blood pressure increases, heart rate increases (adrenaline), water excretion decreases (ADH), blood volume increases (ADH)

Hubs- Endocrine (5 decks)

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