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Hubs- Endocrine > L-27 > Flashcards

L-27 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Just inferior to the larynx on the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea

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2
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A
  • thyroid hormone (T3+T4)

- calcitonin

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3
Q

What is calcitonin involved in?

A

Calcium homeostasis

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4
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

Small sacs called follicles surrounded by follicular cells

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5
Q

How is thyroid hormone made, stored, and transported?

A
  • Thyroglobulin (TGB) protein is made in thyroid follicles and contains tyrosine
  • iodine enters follicle and reacted with tyrosine in TGB
  • Thyroid hormone in either T3 of T4 form can detach from iodised TGB as needed
  • Thyroid hormone travels bound to a carrier protein to target cells
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6
Q

Why is iodine important in our diets?

A

For the production of thyroid hormone

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7
Q

How does thyroid hormone interacts with the receptors?

A
  • detatches from carrier and diffuses into cell
  • binds to receptor in mitochondria
  • specific genes are activated to transcribe mRNA
  • mRNA translation occurs in cytoplasm and specific proteins are synthesised such as sodium potassium pumps
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8
Q

What is the response time for thyroid hormone receptors?

A

45 mins- days

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9
Q

Explain the process leading to thyroid hormone excretion: what are the effects of thyroid hormone

A
  • external stimulus leads to CNS input t hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone into the blood
  • anterior pituitary secretes thyroid stimulating hormone into the blood
  • thyroid gland secretes T3+ T4 into the blood
  • effects are increased basal metabolic rate
  • other effects are stimulation of foetus and early child growth and maintained e of normal alertness and reflexes
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10
Q

What is the Basal metabolic rate?

A

The bodies rate of energy expenditure under basal conditions

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11
Q

What are basal conditions? (5)

A
  • person is awake
  • person is at physical and mental rest
  • person is lying down with no muscle movement
  • person is at comfortable temp
  • person has fasted for 12-18 hrs
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12
Q

What is the thyroid hormone required for?

A

Normal:

  • growth
  • alertness
  • metabolism
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13
Q

What are the thyroid hormones effect on metabolism? (4)

A
  • increases body heat production which increases oxygen consumption and ATP hydrolysis
  • stimulates fatty acid oxidation (usage of stored fat) in many tissues
  • Increases proteolysis (protein breakdown) in muscle
  • stimulates carbohydrate metabolism, enhances insulin-dependant entry of glucose into cells, increases gluconeogenisis + glycogenolysis
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14
Q

What is the bodies main store of calcium?

A

Bone

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15
Q

What 3 hormones are involved with calcium regulation?

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • calcitriol
  • calcitonin
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16
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands?

A

Surround the thyroid gland laterally and posterially

17
Q

What occurs when low blood calcium is detected?

A
  • parathyroid gland secretes PTH
  • PTH stimulates increased calcium reabsorption in kidneys and increased bone breakdown
  • this causes decreased urinary excretion of calcium, increased calcium absorption from food and increased release of calcium into the blood
  • this leads to increased blood calcium which decreases the stimulus and acts as negative feedback
18
Q

What homeostatic hormone response pathway is not controlled by the hypothalamus

A

calcium homeostasis by release of PTH from parathyroid gland

19
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

Superior to each kidney

20
Q

What are the 2 separate glands that make up the adrenal glands?

A
  • adrenal cortex

- adrenal medulla

21
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A
  • outer layer secretes aldosterone
  • middle layer secretes cortisol
  • inner layer secretes androgens
22
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

A
  • adrenaline
23
Q

What is adrenaline secreted as a response to?

A

Stress

24
Q

What is adrenaline?

A
  • water soluble hormone
25
Q

What is the adrenaline secretion pathway?

A
  • stimulus is stress
  • this stimulates the hypothalamus
  • stimulates the sympathetic nervous system pregangkionis neuron
  • stimulates adrenal medulla secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • this travels in blood to target cells
26
Q

What are the metabolic effects of adrenaline?

A
  • increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose in muscle and liver
  • increased breakdown of fat to fatty acids
  • overall affect is making fuel mor readily available in cells

Hubs- Endocrine (5 decks)

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