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Hubs- Endocrine > L-25 > Flashcards

L-25 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium at the optimal living conditions

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2
Q

What is the set point for homeostasis?

A

The constant ideal condition

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3
Q

What is the normal range for homeostasis?

A

The amount of fluctuation from the set point that is normal and expected for the average person

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4
Q

Why may a person still exhibit symptoms of a hormone disorder if their levels are within the normal range?

A

the population normal range is wider than an individuals normal range so a level can fall outside of the individuals normal range but inside the population range

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5
Q

Is neural or hormonal control systems faster acting?

A

Neural

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6
Q

Does neural or hormonal control centres cause longer lasting action?

A

Hormonal

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7
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted from the endocrine glands cells that are carried in the bloodstream to the target cells upon which they act

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8
Q

What is a benefit of hormonal signalling occurring through the bloodstream?

A

One stimulus promoting hormone release can lead to changes in many different areas of the body including a variety of changes in different organs

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9
Q

Name the 5 major endocrine glands

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
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10
Q

What is special about the hypothalamus?

A

Links the endocrine and nervous system

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11
Q

What are the 4 main physiological variables maintained homeostatically through hormones?

A
  • blood sugar concentration
  • growth and repair
  • basal metabolic rate
  • blood calcium concentration
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12
Q

What is meant by hormone action specificity?

A

A hormone can only affect cels with specified receptors for that hormone

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13
Q

What are the 2 main types of hormones?

A

Water soluble and fat soluble

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14
Q

What is the chemical classification of water soluble hormones

A

75% are peptides and others such as adrenaline of noradrenaline are catecholamines

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15
Q

Are water or lipid soluble hormones made and stored?

A

Water soluble hormones are made and stored until required when they are released via exocytosis, as well as thyroid hormones (lipid soluble)

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16
Q

How do water soluble hormones travel?

A

Dissolved in the blood

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17
Q

How are lipid soluble hormones chemically classified?

A

Generally steroids

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18
Q

When are lipid soluble hormones produced?

A

They are made from cholesterol as required

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19
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones travel?

A

In the blood bound to a carrier protein

20
Q

Where are the receptors for water soluble hormones located?

A

In the plasma membrane

21
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid soluble hormones located?

A

in the cytoplasm or nucleus

22
Q

What is the cellular response to water soluble hormone activation (4)

A
  • hormone binds to cell receptor
  • this allows activation of G protein
  • G protein activates/ inhibits second messenger production/reduction
  • downstream proteins/pathways are activated or deactivated
23
Q

What is the cellular response to lipid soluble hormone activation? (8)

A
  • lipid soluble hormone dissociates from carrier protein
  • hormone diffuses across cell membrane
  • hormone binds to intracellular receptor
  • hormone-receptor complex acts as a specific transcription factor
  • target gene is activated
  • new mRNA is generated
  • new protein is generated by translation of mRNA
  • new protein mediates cell specific response (slow process)
24
Q

What is the difference between water and lipid soluble hormones in the mechanism of action?

A

Water soluble is through 2nd messengers and lipid soluble is by altering gene transcription

25
Q

What is the difference between water and lipid soluble hormones in speed of response?

A

Water soluble is ms to minutes, fat soluble is hours to days

26
Q

What two factors dies the amount of hormone in the blood depend on?

A
  • rate of secretion

- rate of removal from blood

27
Q

How is the rate of hormone secretion controlled?

A

Negative feedback loops

28
Q

What is the pancreas

A

both and exocrine and endocrine organ

29
Q

How much or the pancreas is made up of endocrine islet cells?

A

1% ish

30
Q

What two major hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Glucagon and insulin

31
Q

What 4 hormones can increase blood glucose levels?

A

glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, adrenaline

32
Q

Why is insulin so important?

A

the only hormone that can lower blood glucose concentration

33
Q

What can prolonged high glucose levels lead to?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

34
Q

What can low blood glucose lead to?

A

Hypoglycaemia

35
Q

To maintain blood glucose within the normal range in the brain, what two metabolic states do we move between?

A

The fed state and the fasting state

36
Q

What occurs in the fed state?

A

Cellular uptake of nutrients and anabolic metabolism (synthesis of glycogen, protein and fat)

37
Q

What occurs during the fasting state?

A

Mobilisation of nutrients and catabolic metabolism ( breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat)

38
Q

Where is glucagon secretid from?

A

Pancreatic alpha islet cells

39
Q

Where is insulin secreted from?

A

Pancreatic beta islet cells

40
Q

What is glucagon released as a response to?

A

Low blood glucose conc.

41
Q

What is insulin released in response to?

A

High blood glucose conc.

42
Q

What does glucagon act on?

A

Liver cells

43
Q

What does insulin act on?

A

Liver cells, muscle cells, adipose tissue

44
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Releases stored glucose

45
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Stores glucose as glycogen

46
Q

What is the normal range for blood glucose concentration

A

70-110mgdL^-1

Hubs- Endocrine (5 decks)

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