L 12 - penia and philia

Question 1

the suffix -penia indicates

Answer 1

decreased cell numbers in the blood

Question 2

the suffix -philia indicates

Answer 2

increased cell numbers in blood

Question 3

the suffix -cytosis indicates

Answer 3

increased cell numbers in blood

Question 4

what cell is this? (how can you tell) what are its functions

Answer 4

neutrophil

• segmented nucleus
  functions: phagocytosis, microbicidial

Question 5

species that have a 1:1 ratio of marginating and circulating neutrophils include?

Answer 5

dogs, cows, horses

Question 6

species that have a 3:1 ratio of marginating: ciculating neutrophils include

Answer 6

cats

Question 7

species that have a limited storage pool of neutrophils include

Answer 7

horses and cows

Question 8

how does the bone marrow respond to inflammation?

Answer 8

• release of neutrohils from storage pool - mature neutrophilia
• release of neutrophls from maturation pool - left shift in blood
• increased nuetrophil prod - left shift in marrow then blood

acceleraated neutrophil maturation - toxic change

Question 9

what are the two signs of early release of neutrophils from the bone marrow?

Answer 9

1. left shift; increased circulating bands or earlier forms
2. toxic change; cytoplasmia “immaturity” - could be more basophilic, dohle bodies or foamy cytoplasm

Question 10

what is the neutrophilia/bone marrow respond to stress?

Answer 10

neutrophilia is cortisol mediated

• increase shift of marginating to circulating pool
• no left shift, no toxic change

Question 11

what is the neutrophilia resonse to excitment

Answer 11

neutrophilia is adrenaline mediated

shift from marginating to circulating

no left shift no toxic change

Question 12

if looking at just neutrophil levels how can you differentiate between a neutrophilia due to stress or excitement? How would you differentiate the causes of neutrophilia?

Answer 12

• if youre just looking at neutrophil numbers you cant tell differnce b/w stress because both result in a shift from marginating pool to circulaitng pool

differentiate by looking at lymphocyte s

cortisol/stress = lymphopenia

adrenaline/ excitement = lymphocytosis

atypical cells = consider leukaemia

Question 13

what is the diffrence between a regenerative and degenerative neutrophil left shift

Answer 13

regenerative: mautre neutrophils > immature neutrophils
degenerative: immature neutrophils > mature neutrophils

Question 14

what happenes to the cytoplasm as a neutrophil matures? AND

place the following into the maturation or storage pool:

• myelocyte
• metamyelocyte
• band
• segmented

Answer 14

maturation: myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band
storage: segmented
cytoplasm: loses basophilia, gains secondary granules

Question 15

what causes a neutrophil left shift?

Answer 15

inflammation –> high tissue demand, reflects release from maturation pool

can also be myeloproliferative disease eg/ CML and neolpasia (paraneoplastic syndrome)

Question 16

what are some causes of neutropenia

Answer 16

• overwhelimg inflammatory demand
• transient marginatin (endotoxaemia)
• bone marrow disease
• immune mediated destruction

Question 17

what is this cell? (how can you tell) what are its functions?

Answer 17

lymphocyte - can tell because of the negative staining golgi

functions: antibody production (B’s), regulating immune response (helpter T’s), cytoxicity (T’s)

Question 18

what are some causes of lymphocytosis

Answer 18

CHRONIC ANTIGEN STIMULATION; VACCINATION

• adrenaline/excitement in young animals
• lymphoid neoplasia
• hypoadrenocorticism (cortisol decreases lymphocyte and usually w/ no cortisol prod you get an increase in lymphocyte)

Question 19

what are some causes of lymphopenia?

Answer 19

glucocorticoid/ stress

–> reduces release and lympholoysis

acute inflammation

loss of lymphatic fluid

–> chylothorax, enteric neoplasia, protein losing enteropathy

Question 20

what is this cell, how do you know? what are its functions

Answer 20

monocyte –> know because of inclusions of vacuoles, bilobar nucleus

function: provide macrophage to tissues for phagocytosis of dead or foreign material and immune mediation: release cytokines and chemotactic factors, present antigen and perform ABDC

Question 21

what causes monocytosis ?

Answer 21

• acute inflammation
• chronic inflammation
• glucocorticoids/stress in dogs
• myeloproliferative disease eg/ myeloid leukaemia

Question 22

what causes a monocytopenia?

Answer 22

clinically insignificant because we have low circulating numbers in health anyway

Question 23

what is this cell? what are its functions?

Answer 23

eosinophil - eosinophilic cytoplasm, variable morphology

functions: kill helminths, supress and promote hypersenstivity

Question 24

what are some causes of eosinophilia?

Answer 24

THINK X3 W

worms - parasitic infection

wheezes and whelts - allergy and hypersenstivity

weird dx - paraneoplastic (lymphoma, mast cell tumour), hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukaemia

Question 25

what casues eosinopenia

Answer 25

glucocorticoids/steroids

can be clinically insignificant

Question 26

what is this cell? what are its funcitons?

Answer 26

basophil

functions = histmaine release, promote lipid metabolism, haemostasis, parasite contorl

Question 27

what causes basophilia?

Answer 27

STRESS AND INFLAMM IN BIRDS

often accompanies eosinophilia in mammals - worms, wheezes and welts, weird disease (x3 w )

Question 28

what causes basopenia?

Answer 28

not clinically significant.