L 12 - penia and philia Flashcards
the suffix -penia indicates
decreased cell numbers in the blood
the suffix -philia indicates
increased cell numbers in blood
the suffix -cytosis indicates
increased cell numbers in blood
what cell is this? (how can you tell) what are its functions
neutrophil
- segmented nucleus
functions: phagocytosis, microbicidial
species that have a 1:1 ratio of marginating and circulating neutrophils include?
dogs, cows, horses
species that have a 3:1 ratio of marginating: ciculating neutrophils include
cats
species that have a limited storage pool of neutrophils include
horses and cows
how does the bone marrow respond to inflammation?
- release of neutrohils from storage pool - mature neutrophilia
- release of neutrophls from maturation pool - left shift in blood
- increased nuetrophil prod - left shift in marrow then blood
acceleraated neutrophil maturation - toxic change
what are the two signs of early release of neutrophils from the bone marrow?
- left shift; increased circulating bands or earlier forms
- toxic change; cytoplasmia “immaturity” - could be more basophilic, dohle bodies or foamy cytoplasm
what is the neutrophilia/bone marrow respond to stress?
neutrophilia is cortisol mediated
- increase shift of marginating to circulating pool
- no left shift, no toxic change
what is the neutrophilia resonse to excitment
neutrophilia is adrenaline mediated
shift from marginating to circulating
no left shift no toxic change
if looking at just neutrophil levels how can you differentiate between a neutrophilia due to stress or excitement? How would you differentiate the causes of neutrophilia?
- if youre just looking at neutrophil numbers you cant tell differnce b/w stress because both result in a shift from marginating pool to circulaitng pool
differentiate by looking at lymphocyte s
cortisol/stress = lymphopenia
adrenaline/ excitement = lymphocytosis
atypical cells = consider leukaemia
what is the diffrence between a regenerative and degenerative neutrophil left shift
regenerative: mautre neutrophils > immature neutrophils
degenerative: immature neutrophils > mature neutrophils
what happenes to the cytoplasm as a neutrophil matures? AND
place the following into the maturation or storage pool:
- myelocyte
- metamyelocyte
- band
- segmented
maturation: myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band
storage: segmented
cytoplasm: loses basophilia, gains secondary granules
what causes a neutrophil left shift?
inflammation –> high tissue demand, reflects release from maturation pool
can also be myeloproliferative disease eg/ CML and neolpasia (paraneoplastic syndrome)
what are some causes of neutropenia
- overwhelimg inflammatory demand
- transient marginatin (endotoxaemia)
- bone marrow disease
- immune mediated destruction
what is this cell? (how can you tell) what are its functions?
lymphocyte - can tell because of the negative staining golgi
functions: antibody production (B’s), regulating immune response (helpter T’s), cytoxicity (T’s)
what are some causes of lymphocytosis
CHRONIC ANTIGEN STIMULATION; VACCINATION
- adrenaline/excitement in young animals
- lymphoid neoplasia
- hypoadrenocorticism (cortisol decreases lymphocyte and usually w/ no cortisol prod you get an increase in lymphocyte)
what are some causes of lymphopenia?
glucocorticoid/ stress
–> reduces release and lympholoysis
acute inflammation
loss of lymphatic fluid
–> chylothorax, enteric neoplasia, protein losing enteropathy
what is this cell, how do you know? what are its functions
monocyte –> know because of inclusions of vacuoles, bilobar nucleus
function: provide macrophage to tissues for phagocytosis of dead or foreign material and immune mediation: release cytokines and chemotactic factors, present antigen and perform ABDC
what causes monocytosis ?
- acute inflammation
- chronic inflammation
- glucocorticoids/stress in dogs
- myeloproliferative disease eg/ myeloid leukaemia
what causes a monocytopenia?
clinically insignificant because we have low circulating numbers in health anyway
what is this cell? what are its functions?
eosinophil - eosinophilic cytoplasm, variable morphology
functions: kill helminths, supress and promote hypersenstivity
what are some causes of eosinophilia?
THINK X3 W
worms - parasitic infection
wheezes and whelts - allergy and hypersenstivity
weird dx - paraneoplastic (lymphoma, mast cell tumour), hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukaemia
what casues eosinopenia
glucocorticoids/steroids
can be clinically insignificant
what is this cell? what are its funcitons?
basophil
functions = histmaine release, promote lipid metabolism, haemostasis, parasite contorl
what causes basophilia?
STRESS AND INFLAMM IN BIRDS
often accompanies eosinophilia in mammals - worms, wheezes and welts, weird disease (x3 w )
what causes basopenia?
not clinically significant.
