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Haemopoietic, Lymphoreticular, Integument > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

Do some drugs.

1
Q

What is an example of a first generation antihistamine?

A

Chlorpheniramine

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2
Q

What sort of antihistamine is diphenhydramine?

A

First generation

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3
Q

Give an example of a second generation antihistamine

A

Loratadine

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4
Q

Name a drug that antagonises seratonin.

A

Metaclopramide

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5
Q

What other major molecule does metaclopramide antagonise?

A

Dopamine

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6
Q

Which drug is specifically a 5HT4 antagonist? Where is this receptor located?

A

Cisapride - located in the gut

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7
Q

Give an example of an SSRI

A

Fluoxetine

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8
Q

What does PGE2 do?

A

Pyrogen Promotes mucous secretion and inhibits acid secretion in the GI Contraction of pregnant uterus

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9
Q

What does PGF2alpha do? What is it used for in veterinary medicine?

A

Causes luteolysis Contraction of uterine muscle in parturition Used for synchornising oestrus in cattle, inducing abortion

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10
Q

What does Thromboxane A2 do?

A

Aggregation of platelets and vasoconstriction

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11
Q

A glucocorticoid with a moderately insoluble ester will have a _____ action. (long or short)

A

Longer

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12
Q

What is an Addisonian crisis and how could an animal have an ‘iatrogenic’ one?

A

It is a deficiency of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Could be precipitated by abrupt cessation of glucocorticoid therapy.

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13
Q

Name two immunosuppressant drugs that are often used in combination with glucocorticoids to treat autoimmune disease.

A

Azathioprine Cyclosporine

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of azathioprine?

A

Interferes with purine nucleotide synthesis and thence inhibits DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.

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15
Q

What are three side effects of azathioprine?

A

Myelosuppression so neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and anaemia, GI toxicity, hepatotoxicity

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16
Q

How would you monitor a patient on azathioprine for side effects?

A

CBC every 2 weeks to check for cytopenias, biochem every 2 weeks to check liver function

17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine?

A

Complexes with calcineurin and thence inhibits IL-2 transcription and IFNgamma secretion so inhibits T cell activation and proliferation.

18
Q

What is the generalised function of NSAIDs and how does this relate to the function of glucocorticoids?

A

Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 More specific inhibitors of inflammation than GCCs, which inhibit both prostanoids and leukotrienes

19
Q

What are the three big functions of NSAIDs?

A
  1. Antipyretic
  2. Analgesic
  3. Anti-inflammatory
20
Q

What drug can you give to reduce the risk of NSAID-mediated GI ulceration?

A

Misoprostol

21
Q

Give two examples of drugs that are marketed to target both COX1 and COX2.

A

Aspirin

Phenylbutazone

22
Q

Give two examples of drugs that are marketed to target COX2 preferentially

A

Meloxicam

Carprofen

23
Q

Give two examples of drugs that are marketed to target COX2 ONLY

A

Deracoxib

Mavacoxib

24
Q

What are the two most common applications of NSAIDs in vet?

A

Osteoarthritis in cats and dogs

Post operative pain

25
Q

Why are there only two NSAID products licensed for use in cats? What are they?

A

Because NSAIDs metabolised in the liver and cats have limited glucuronidation capacity, so the drug effects last longer

Meloxicam and robencoxib

26
Q

If you have a patient who has been on glucocorticoids long-term, but they need mild pain relif, what are your two options?

A
  1. Taper the GCCs and wait for the washout period to be over before starting NSAIDs
  2. Start tapering the GCCs but start the NSAIDs anyway. Use misoprostol to mitigate the risk.
27
Q

Give an example (brand name and drug name) of a disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug. Is it an NSAID?

A

Pentosan polysulfate (cartrophen)

NOT an NSAID

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action for apoquel?

What is its application?

A

Inhibits JAK-1 dependent cytokines to control inflammation

Use in pruritis and allergic dermatitis

29
Q

What are the 7 classes of chemotherapeutic drugs?

CHAT MAP

A

Cytotoxic antibiotics

Hormones

Alkylating agents

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Mitotic spindle inhibitors

Antimetabolites

Platinating agents

30
Q

What is an example of a cytotoxic antibiotic and how does it work?

A

Doxorubicin

Inhibits toposiomerase II which is involved in DNA cleavage, unwinding and rejoining

Also intercalates DNA and therefore prevents DNA replication and thus cell division

31
Q

What is an example of a hormone used in chemotherapy? How does it work?

A

High dose glucocorticoids

Lymphocytolytic; also increases appetite which is good

32
Q

What is an example of an alkylating agent and how does it work?

A

Cyclophosphamide

Cross-links DNA to inhibit replication and cause cell apoptosis because DNA is damaged

Can also be immunosuppressive

33
Q

What is a side effect of cyclophosphamide use?

A

Any of:

  • myelosuppression
  • alopecia
  • sterile haemorrhagic cystitis
34
Q

What is an example of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor? Why is this a good chemotherapeutic?

A

Toceranib (brand name Palladia)

TK receptors commonly upregulated in neoplasms and signalling via them promotes cellular growth and proliferation

35
Q

What is an example of a mitotic spindle inhibitor? What parts of the cell cycle is this active at?

A

Vincristine

G2 and M

36
Q

Give one side effect of vincristine.

A

Any of:

  • peripheral neurotoxicity because neurons use tubulin, constipation, myelosuppression
37
Q

What is an example of an anti-metabolite? How does it work?

A

Azathioprine

Homologue of normal cellular molecule - interferes with purine synthesis and therefore inhibits DNA synthesis

38
Q

What is an example of a platinating agent and how does it work?

A

Cisplatin

Crosslinks in DNA by binding guanine residues therefore preventing replication and cell division

39
Q

Give one side effect of cisplatin

A

Any of:

  • nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, renal toxicity due to drug being excreted this way and platinum deposition in glomeruli

Haemopoietic, Lymphoreticular, Integument (8 decks)

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