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Physics written assignments > Kremkau Chapter 2 Key Terms > Flashcards

Kremkau Chapter 2 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Pulse Duration

A

interval of time from beginning to end of a pulse

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2
Q

Rayl

A

unit of impedance

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3
Q

Intensity Reflection Coefficient

A

reflected intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity reflected

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4
Q

Pulse Repetition Period

A

interval of time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next.

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5
Q

Contrast Agent

A

a suspension of bubbles or particles introduced into circulation to enhance the contrast between anatomic structures, their by improving their imaging.

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6
Q

Echo

A

reflection

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7
Q

Fractional Bandwidth

A

bandwidth divided by operating frequency

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8
Q

Ultrasound

A

sound having a frequency greater than what humans can hear, that is, greater than 20kHz

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9
Q

Scatterer

A

an object that scatters sound in many directions because of its small size or its surface roughness

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10
Q

Medium

A

material through which a wave travels

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11
Q

Penetration

A

imaging depth

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12
Q

Intensity Transmission Coefficient

A

transmitted intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity transmitted into the second medium.

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13
Q

Reflection

A

portion of sound returned from a media boundary; echo

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14
Q

Attenuation

A

Decrease in amplitude and intensity with distance as a wave travels through a medium

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15
Q

Stiffness

A

Property of a medium; applied pressure divided by the fractional volume change produced by the pressure

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16
Q

Oblique Incidence

A

sound direction that is not perpendicular to media boundaries

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17
Q

Attenuation Coefficient

A

attenuation per cm of wave travel

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18
Q

Bandwidth

A

range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound pulse; range of frequencies within which a material, device, or system can operate

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19
Q

Period

A

time per cycle

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20
Q

Reflector

A

media boundary that produces a reflection; reflecting surface.

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21
Q

Spatial pulse length

A

Length of space over which a pulse occurs

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22
Q

Frequency

A

number of cycles per second

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23
Q

Destructive Interference

A

combination of positive and negative pressures

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24
Q

Constructive Interference

A

combination of positive and negative pressures

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25
Q

Sound

A

Traveling wave of acoustic variables

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26
Q

Pulse

A

a brief excursion of a quantity from its normal value; a few cycles

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27
Q

Interference

A

combinations of positive and/ or negative pressures

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28
Q

Transmission angle

A

angle between the transmitted sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary

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29
Q

Compression

A

reduction in differences between small and large amplitudes. region of high density and pressure in a compressional wave.

30
Q

Kilohertz

A

one thousand hertz. kHz

31
Q

Density

A

mass divided by volume

32
Q

Range Equation

A

relationship between round trip pulse travel time, propagation speed, and distance to a reflector.

33
Q

Scattering

A

Diffusion or redirection of sound in several directions upon encountering a particle suspension or a rough surface

34
Q

Incidence Angle

A

angle between incident sound direction and a line perpendicular to the boundary of a medium.

35
Q

Reflection angle

A

angle between the reflected sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary

36
Q

Impedance

A

density multiplied by the sound propagation speed

37
Q

Energy

A

capability of doing work

38
Q

Decibel

A

unit of power of intensity ratio; the number of decibels is 10 times the logarithm (to the base 10) of the power or intensity ratio. abbreviated dB

39
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A

the primary frequency in a collection of frequencies that can include odd and even harmonics and subharmonics

40
Q

Perpendicular Incidence

A

sound direction that is perpendicular to the boundary between media

41
Q

Hertz

A

unit of frequency, one cycle per second; unit of pulse repetition frequency, one pulse per second. Hz

42
Q

Pressure

A

force divided by the area in a fluid

43
Q

Acoustic Variables

A

Pressure, density, and particle vibration; sound wave quantities that vary in space and time

44
Q

Intensity

A

power divided by area

45
Q

Power

A

rate at which work is done; rate at which energy is transferred

46
Q

Nonlinear Propagation

A

sound propagation in which the propagation speed depends on pressure causing the wave shape to change and harmonics to be generated

47
Q

Specular Reflection

A

Reflection from a large (relative to wavelength), flat, smooth boundary.

48
Q

Wave

A

Traveling variation of one or more quantities

49
Q

Wavelength

A

length of space over which a cycle occurs

50
Q

Speckle

A

the granular appearance of images and spectral displays that is caused by the interference of echoes from the distribution of scatterers in tissue

51
Q

Megahertz

A

one million hertz. MHz

52
Q

Amplitude

A

maximum variation of an acoustic variable or voltage

53
Q

Backscatter

A

sound scattered back in the direction from which it originally came

54
Q

Acoustic

A

Having to do with sound

55
Q

Pulsed Ultrasound

A

ultrasound produced in pulsed form by applying electric pulses or voltages of one or a few cycles to the transducer

56
Q

Longitudinal Wave

A

wave in which the particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave travel (compressional wave)

57
Q

Perpendicular

A

geometrically related by 90 degrees

58
Q

Cycle

A

on complete variation of an acoustic variable.

59
Q

Transverse wave

A

A sound wave in which the particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel

60
Q

Coupling Medium

A

a gel used to provide a good sound path between a transducer and the skin by eliminating the air between the two

61
Q

Harmonics

A

frequencies that are even and odd multiples of one another, commonly called fundamental or operating frequency

62
Q

Refraction

A

change of sound direction on passing from one medium to another

63
Q

Pulse Repetition Frequency

A

number of pulses per second; sometimes called pulse repetition rate. PRF

64
Q

Propagation

A

progression or travel

65
Q

Rarefaction

A

region of low density and pressure in a compressional wave

66
Q

Continuous Wave

A

a wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely; not pulsed. abbreviated CW

67
Q

Duty Factor

A

fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is on.

68
Q

Strength

A

Nonspecific term referring to amplitude or intensity

69
Q

Propagation Speed

A

speed at which a wave moves through a medium

70
Q

Absorption

A

Conversion of sound to heat

Physics written assignments (7 decks)

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