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Physics written assignments > Kremkau Chapter 2 Key Terms > Flashcards

Kremkau Chapter 2 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Pulse Duration

A

interval of time from beginning to end of a pulse

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2
Q

Rayl

A

unit of impedance

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3
Q

Intensity Reflection Coefficient

A

reflected intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity reflected

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4
Q

Pulse Repetition Period

A

interval of time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next.

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5
Q

Contrast Agent

A

a suspension of bubbles or particles introduced into circulation to enhance the contrast between anatomic structures, their by improving their imaging.

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6
Q

Echo

A

reflection

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7
Q

Fractional Bandwidth

A

bandwidth divided by operating frequency

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8
Q

Ultrasound

A

sound having a frequency greater than what humans can hear, that is, greater than 20kHz

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9
Q

Scatterer

A

an object that scatters sound in many directions because of its small size or its surface roughness

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10
Q

Medium

A

material through which a wave travels

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11
Q

Penetration

A

imaging depth

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12
Q

Intensity Transmission Coefficient

A

transmitted intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity transmitted into the second medium.

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13
Q

Reflection

A

portion of sound returned from a media boundary; echo

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14
Q

Attenuation

A

Decrease in amplitude and intensity with distance as a wave travels through a medium

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15
Q

Stiffness

A

Property of a medium; applied pressure divided by the fractional volume change produced by the pressure

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16
Q

Oblique Incidence

A

sound direction that is not perpendicular to media boundaries

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17
Q

Attenuation Coefficient

A

attenuation per cm of wave travel

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18
Q

Bandwidth

A

range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound pulse; range of frequencies within which a material, device, or system can operate

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19
Q

Period

A

time per cycle

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20
Q

Reflector

A

media boundary that produces a reflection; reflecting surface.

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21
Q

Spatial pulse length

A

Length of space over which a pulse occurs

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22
Q

Frequency

A

number of cycles per second

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23
Q

Destructive Interference

A

combination of positive and negative pressures

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24
Q

Constructive Interference

A

combination of positive and negative pressures

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25
Sound
Traveling wave of acoustic variables
26
Pulse
a brief excursion of a quantity from its normal value; a few cycles
27
Interference
combinations of positive and/ or negative pressures
28
Transmission angle
angle between the transmitted sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary
29
Compression
reduction in differences between small and large amplitudes. region of high density and pressure in a compressional wave.
30
Kilohertz
one thousand hertz. kHz
31
Density
mass divided by volume
32
Range Equation
relationship between round trip pulse travel time, propagation speed, and distance to a reflector.
33
Scattering
Diffusion or redirection of sound in several directions upon encountering a particle suspension or a rough surface
34
Incidence Angle
angle between incident sound direction and a line perpendicular to the boundary of a medium.
35
Reflection angle
angle between the reflected sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary
36
Impedance
density multiplied by the sound propagation speed
37
Energy
capability of doing work
38
Decibel
unit of power of intensity ratio; the number of decibels is 10 times the logarithm (to the base 10) of the power or intensity ratio. abbreviated dB
39
Fundamental Frequency
the primary frequency in a collection of frequencies that can include odd and even harmonics and subharmonics
40
Perpendicular Incidence
sound direction that is perpendicular to the boundary between media
41
Hertz
unit of frequency, one cycle per second; unit of pulse repetition frequency, one pulse per second. Hz
42
Pressure
force divided by the area in a fluid
43
Acoustic Variables
Pressure, density, and particle vibration; sound wave quantities that vary in space and time
44
Intensity
power divided by area
45
Power
rate at which work is done; rate at which energy is transferred
46
Nonlinear Propagation
sound propagation in which the propagation speed depends on pressure causing the wave shape to change and harmonics to be generated
47
Specular Reflection
Reflection from a large (relative to wavelength), flat, smooth boundary.
48
Wave
Traveling variation of one or more quantities
49
Wavelength
length of space over which a cycle occurs
50
Speckle
the granular appearance of images and spectral displays that is caused by the interference of echoes from the distribution of scatterers in tissue
51
Megahertz
one million hertz. MHz
52
Amplitude
maximum variation of an acoustic variable or voltage
53
Backscatter
sound scattered back in the direction from which it originally came
54
Acoustic
Having to do with sound
55
Pulsed Ultrasound
ultrasound produced in pulsed form by applying electric pulses or voltages of one or a few cycles to the transducer
56
Longitudinal Wave
wave in which the particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave travel (compressional wave)
57
Perpendicular
geometrically related by 90 degrees
58
Cycle
on complete variation of an acoustic variable.
59
Transverse wave
A sound wave in which the particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
60
Coupling Medium
a gel used to provide a good sound path between a transducer and the skin by eliminating the air between the two
61
Harmonics
frequencies that are even and odd multiples of one another, commonly called fundamental or operating frequency
62
Refraction
change of sound direction on passing from one medium to another
63
Pulse Repetition Frequency
number of pulses per second; sometimes called pulse repetition rate. PRF
64
Propagation
progression or travel
65
Rarefaction
region of low density and pressure in a compressional wave
66
Continuous Wave
a wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely; not pulsed. abbreviated CW
67
Duty Factor
fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is on.
68
Strength
Nonspecific term referring to amplitude or intensity
69
Propagation Speed
speed at which a wave moves through a medium
70
Absorption
Conversion of sound to heat

Physics written assignments (7 decks)

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