KQ3: Development gap theories Flashcards
What is meant by the process of cumulative causation? (3) what it is, (2) process
- Explains spatial variation.
- Explains how some areas grow and others do not.
- Based on idea that area has initial advantages such as natural resources or good accessibility.
- Economic growth creates employment and people move in, adding to local market as well as providing labour.
- Growing tax revenues can lead to investment in infrastructure such as transport and education.
What are the key elements of the Freidmann model? (Stages 1 to 4)
STAGE 1: Pre-industrial period when urban centres serve local markets but with very little interaction between them. Development potential is very limited.
STAGE 2: Industrialisation begins as a strong core region emerges, often with a major metropolitan centre at its heart. Initial advantages result in rapid growth of the core, attracting resources and labour from the periphery which is dependant on the core! Few benefits flow to periphery. Development unevenly distributed.
STAGE 3: Development spreads from core. Although core remains the most developed part of the system, other areas begin to develop. In part this is because other areas can offer cheaper locations for economic activity due to lower wages and land costs. Economy becomes more integrated.
STAGE 4: Spatial inequalities are minimal. A mature hierarchy of urban places has evolved and the entire economic system is fully integrated.
What is stage 1 of the Freidmann model?
Pre-industrial period when urban centres serve local markets but with very little interaction between them. Development potential is very limited.
What is stage 2 of the Freidmann model?
Industrialisation begins as a strong core region emerges, often with a major metropolitan centre at its heart. Initial advantages result in rapid growth of the core, attracting resources and labour from the periphery which is dependant on the core! Few benefits flow to periphery. Development unevenly distributed.
What is stage 3 of the Freidmann model?
Development spreads from core. Although core remains the most developed part of the system, other areas begin to develop. In part this is because other areas can offer cheaper locations for economic activity due to lower wages and land costs. Economy becomes more integrated.
What is stage 4 of the Freidmann model?
Spatial inequalities are minimal. A mature hierarchy of urban places has evolved and the entire economic system is fully integrated.
What are the stages of the Rostow model?
STAGE 1: Traditional society - based on custom and tradition, simple technology, bartering and subsistence economy.
STAGE 2: Pre-conditions for take off - defined by an increase in rate of investment, the early development of necessary economic and social infrastructure, a new elite of entrepreneurs, and and effective centralised state.
STAGE 3: Take-off into sustained growth - period of 10-30 years dominated by rapid economic growth. Investment is concentrated in so-called ‘leading sectors’ of the economy, especially in manufacturing industry.
STAGE 4: The drive to maturity - sustained economic growth and diversification into higher value added manufacturing industries and service activities.
STAGE 5: Age of high mass consumption - increasing importance of consumer goods and services and rise of welfare state.
What is stage 1 of the Rostow model?
Traditional society - based on custom and tradition, simple technology, bartering and subsistence economy.
What is stage 2 of the Rostow model?
Pre-conditions for take off - defined by an increase in rate of investment, the early development of necessary economic and social infrastructure, a new elite of entrepreneurs, and and effective centralised state.
What is stage 3 of the Rostow model?
Take-off into sustained growth - period of 10-30 years dominated by rapid economic growth. Investment is concentrated in so-called ‘leading sectors’ of the economy, especially in manufacturing industry.
What is stage 4 of the Rostow model?
he drive to maturity - sustained economic growth and diversification into higher value added manufacturing industries and service activities.
What is stage 5 of the Rostow model?
Age of high mass consumption - increasing importance of consumer goods and services and rise of welfare state.
Strengths of the Rostow model? (2)
- Good outline of how a typical country develops.
- Can compare countries to the model to show where they should be.
Weaknesses of the Rostow model? (5)
- Doesn’t represent every country.
- Stages will vary within a country- urban/rural areas.
- Doesn’t tell us changes/factors that start off progression through stages.
- Only tells us how countries progress.
- In China, people rather save than spend, so multiplier effect is slow - maybe only works for capitalist.
