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Chemie > kovy > Flashcards

kovy Flashcards

1
Q

zakl. el. konfiguracw kovu dbloku

A

ns(n-1)d

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2
Q

fyzikalni vlastnosti kovu

A

vedou el. proud
kujne a tazne

vychazi z existence kovove mrizky
mezi kationty kovu se pohybuji delokalizovane el. volne v ramci mrizky
—> muzou dobre vest el. proud

—> kujne a tazne
jednotlive vrstvy po sobe mohou klouzat a dojde jen k posunu vrstvy

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3
Q

slitiny

A

= smesi kovu
-> tim se ziskaji lepsi vlastnosti

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4
Q

bronz

A

slitina medi a cinu

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5
Q

dural

A

Al + Cu + Mg
Cu a Mg to zpevnuji
pouziti - karoserie
lehky a oevny

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6
Q

ocel

A

Fe + C (<1,7%) (+Cr,V,Mn,…)
vyriba
Fe2O3 —> Fe0
C + O2 —> CO2

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7
Q

klenotnicke zlato

A

Au + Ag (+Cu,..)

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8
Q

mosaz

A

Cu + Zn

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9
Q

cistota zlata

A

Kt
18kt = 75%
ciste -24 Kt
14 = 58,3%

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10
Q

poloclanek

A

soustava, ktera * ponorenim kovu do roztoku sve soli
nelze merit el. potencial

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11
Q

clanek

A

soustava * spojenim 2 poloclanku
lze merit el. potencial

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12
Q

galvanicky clanek

A

zarizeni, ktere * z el. energie en. chem.

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13
Q

Daniellův clanek

A

Zn ponoren do zinecnate soli, med do mednate
* spojenim poloclanku zn a cu
- vodive spojeni solnym mustkem

Cu2+ + 2e- —> Cu0

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14
Q

el. proud

A

usmerneny pohyb el.

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15
Q

Standardni vodikova elektroda

A

standardni potencial vodikove elektrody je na zakl. dohody roven 0
standardni podminky
25 stupn
101 kPa

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16
Q

Standardni redukcni potencial E0 kovu

A

potencialni rozdil mezi elektrodami clanku a standardni vodikove elektrody
lze zmerit

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17
Q

rada reaktivity kovu

A

serazeni kovu podle hodnoty standardniho redukcniho potencialu
—> vyjadruje ochotu se oxidovat/redukovat

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18
Q

Zu - 2e-

A

Zu2+

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19
Q

Zu + CuSO4

A

ZnSO4 + Cu

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20
Q

Cu + ZnSO4

A

nejde

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21
Q

reakce kovu a soli

A

kov lezici v rade reaktivity kovu vlevo (ten, ktery ma nizsi redukcni potencial) je schopen vytesnit kovy ze soli lezici od nej vpravo ( ty ktere maji vyssi hodnotu standardniho redukcniho potencialu)
uslechtilejsi kovy preferuji spise redukovany stav

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22
Q

Zn + CuSO4 a ZnSO4 + Cu

A

provehne Zn + CuSO4
protoze Cu ma vyssi redukcni potencial
Zn2+ + 2e- —> Zn0 E0 = - 0,736 V
Cu2+ + 2e- —> Cu0 E0 = 0,52 V

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23
Q

2KCl + Br0 2KBr + Cl0

A

probehne 2KCl + Br0
a smerem doleva

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24
Q

2Mn04 + 10 Cl- + 16H+

A

doprava, protoze mangan je nejreaktivnejsi takze nuze vytesnit ty ostqt’i

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25
Q

2Mn2+ + Cl2 + 8H2O

A

doprqvq

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26
Q

neuslechtile kovy

A

E0 < 0V

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27
Q

uslechtile

A

E0 > 0V

28
Q

reakce kovu a soli

A

kov lezici v rade reaktivity kovu vlevo (ten, ktery ma nizsi redukcni potencial)
je schopen vytesnit kovy ze soli lezici od nej vpravo (ty ktere maji vyssi hodnotu standardniho redukcniho potencialu)
uslechtilejsi kovy preferuji spise redukovany stav
mene uslechtile preferuji stav oxidovany

29
Q

Jakym smerem probehne reakce?
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
redukce Zn - 0,7
redukce Cu 0,520

A

—->

30
Q

AgNaNO3 AgNO3 + Na

A

<——

31
Q

2AgNO3 + Cu. Au + Cu(NO3)2

A

——>

32
Q

v jakem smeru probehne

2KCl + Br2. 2KBr + Cl2

A

<——-

33
Q

2MnO4 + 10Cl- + 16H+. 2Mn2+ Cl2 + 8H2O

A

——->

34
Q

uslschtile kovy pr

A

Au,Pt,Cu,Ag

35
Q

neuslechtile kovy

A

Fe,Li,K,Ca,Zn

36
Q

neoxidujici kyswliny

A

HCl, H3PO4,CH3COOH, zredena H2SO4, H2CO3

37
Q

oxidujici kyseliny

A

koncentrovana H2SO4, HNO3
dokazi velmi rychle zpusobit oxidaci
- silna ox.c.

38
Q

uslechtily kov + neoxidujici kyselina

A

pr. Cu + HCl
nereagují

39
Q

neuslechtily kov + neoxidujici kyselina

A

pr. Zn + 2HCl —-> ZnCl2 + H2
kov + kyselina - * sul + vodik

40
Q

2Al + 6HCl —->

A

2AlCl3 + 3H2

41
Q

uslechtily kov + ox. kyselina

A

neuvolnuje se vodik, * voda
kov + kyselina —> sul k. + oxid kyselinotvorneho prvku + voda
oxidace kovu za * soli, na ukor centralniho atomu kyseliny
reakce HNO3 - redukce dusiku na oxidy dle zredeni kys.

42
Q

c) Cu + HNO3 (konc)

A

H2O + Cu(NO3)2 + NO2

Cu - redu c
HNO3 - ox c

43
Q

Cu + HNO3 (zredena) c)

A

Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O

44
Q

Cu + H2SO4 (konc.)

A

CuSO4 + H2O + SO2

45
Q

d) Au a platinove kovy

A

vyjimka mezi uslechtilymi kovy
nereaguji ami s ox. kys.
reaguji s lucavkou kralovskou : smes HNO3 : HCl - 1:3
Au (s) + HNO3 (g) + 3HCl (ag) —> AuCl3 + NO + 2H2O

46
Q

e) neuslechtily kov + oxi. kyselina

A

vetsina kovu reaguje s oxi. kyselinou stejne jako uslechtile kovy
konc. H2SO4 : ox.c. sama se redukuje

47
Q

e) Mn + 2H2SO4 (konc.)

A

MnSO4 + 2H2O + SO2

48
Q

Zn + HNO3

A

H2O + Zn(NO4)2 + NO2

49
Q

Cr/Fe + oxidujici (HNO3, H2SO4)

A

Fe + H2SO4 (konc) —> neprobehne
+ H2SO4 (zr) —-> FeSO4 + H2
pasivace kovu

50
Q

Ca + HNO3

A

H2O + NO2 + Ca(NO3)2

51
Q

cu + h3po4

A

neprobehne

52
Q

pb + hno3

A

4h2o + 2no2 + 3pb(no3)2

53
Q

Ca + 2HCl

A

H2 + CaCl2

54
Q

neoxidujici kyswlina a neuslechtily kov

A
  • sul kys.
    vodik
    pr. Ca + 2HCl —> CaCl2 + H2
55
Q

neoxidujici kys. + uslechtily kov

A

nereaguji
pr. Cu + H3PO4 (neprobehne)

56
Q

oxidujici kyselina + neuslechtily kov

A
  1. sul kys
  2. oxid kystv. prvku v redukovanem stavu
  3. voda
    pr. Ca + HNO3 —> Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + N2O
57
Q

ox kys + neuslechtily pasivujici kov

A

tvorba ochranneho oxidu na povrchu
vodik
pr. Fe + H2SO4(konc) —> neprobejhne

58
Q

oxidujici kys + uslechtily

A
  1. sul kyseliny
  2. oxid kystv. prvku
  3. voda
    pr. 2Ag + H2SO4 —> H2O + SO2 + Fe(SO4)2
59
Q

ox kys + uslechtily kov
au + pt kocy

A

nereaguji ani s ox kys.
reaguji s lucavkou kralovskou
pr 2 Au + H2So4 nereaguki

60
Q

ziskavani kovu

A

1) rudy
2) rizí kovy
3) recyklovatelný odpada

61
Q

ziskavani kovu - rudy

A

nerost/hornina, ze ktere se ziskava kov
oxidicke a sulfidicke

62
Q

oxidicke rudy

A

Fe203 hematit
FeOFe2O3 magnetit
SnO2 kasiderit
Al2O3 • 2H2O bauxit

63
Q

sulfidicke rudy

A

PbS - galenit
ZnS - sfalerit
HgS - rumělka

64
Q

recyklovatelny odpad

A

Fe - kovovy srot
Sn, Al - plechovky

65
Q

princip metalurgie

A

kovy jsou elektropozitivni a proto se obvykle vyskytuji jako kationty
redukce : Mn + e- —> Mn0

66
Q

postup pry vyrobe kovu

A
  1. uprava rud, separace
  2. vlastní redukce
  3. rafinace (čištění)
67
Q

Ti

A

Chemie (16 decks)

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