Kohlberg, Gilligan, & Marcia Flashcards
What are the Three Levels of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
Level I: Preconventional Morality Level II: Conventional Morality Level III: Postconventional Morality
What ages correspond with the Kohlberg’s Moral Development?
Level I Preconventional Morality (Ages 4 to 10) Level II Conventional Morality (Ages 10 to 13 or Beyond) Level III Post Conventional Morality (Adolescence and Young Adulthood or beyond)
What happens in Level I of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning?
People act under external controls. They obey rules to avoid punishment or reap rewards or they act out of self-interest.
What happens in Level II of Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Reasoning?
It is also known as Morality of conventional role conformity. People have internalized the standards of authority figures. They are concerned about being good, pleasing others, and maintaining the social order
What happens in Level III of Postconventional Morality?
Also known as Morality of Autonomous Principles. People recognize conflicts between moral standards and make their own judgement on the basis of principles of right, fairness, and justice.
What are the Kolberg’s Stages of Reasoning?
Stage 1: Orientation toward punishment & obedience Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose & Exchange Stage 3: Maintaining Mutual Relations Stage 4: Social Concern & Conscience Stage 5: Morality of Contract Stage 6: Morality of Universal Ethical Principles
How do individuals reason when they are at Stage 1 (Orientation toward Punishment and Obedience) of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
Children obey rules to avoid punishment. They ignore motives of an act and focus on its physical form (such as the size of a lie) or its consequences
How do individuals reason when they are at Stage 2 (Instrumental Purpose and Exchange) of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
Children conform to rules out of self-interest and consideration for what others can do for them. They look at an act in terms of the human needs it meets and differentiates this value from the act’s physical form and consequences.
How do individuals reason when they are at Stage 3 (Maintaining Mutual Relations, Approval of Others, the Golden Rule. Am I A Boy or A Girl) of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
Children want to please and help others, can judge intentions of others, and develop their own ideas of what a good person is. They evaluate an act according to what a good person is. They evaluate an act according to the motive behind it or the person performing it, and they take circumstances into account.
How do individuals reason when they are at Stage 4 (Social Concern and Conscience) of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
People are concerned with doing their duty, showing respect for higher authority, and maintaining the social order. They consider an act always wrong, regardless of motive or circumstances, if it violates a rule and harms others.
How do individuals reason when they are at Stage 5 (Morality of Contract, of Individual Rights and of Democratically Accepted Law) of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
People think in rational terms, valuing the will of the majority and the welfare of society. They generally see these values as best supported by adherence to the law. While they recognize that there are times when human need and the law conflict, they believe it is better for society in the long run if they obey the llaw.
How do individuals reason when they are at Stage 6 (Morality of Universal Ethical Principle) of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning?
People do what they as individuals think is right, regardless of legal restrictions or the opinions of others. They act in accordance with internalized standards, knowing that they would condemn themselves if they did not.
What are Gilligan’s Levels of Moral Development in Women?
Level I: Orientation of Individual Survival Transition 1: From selfishness to responsibility Level 2: Goodness as Self-Sacrifice Transition 2: From Goodness to Truth Level 3: Morality of Nonviolence
In Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning, he came up with levels of moral reasoning. What was his basis for this?
Kohlberg based his theory on the thought processes shown by responses to his dilemmas. In Kohlberg’s theory, it is the reason underlying a person’s response to a moral dilemma, not the response itself, that indicates the stage of moral development.
What was the basic premise of Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development in Women?
A woman’s central moral dilemma is the conflict between her needs and those of others.
In Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development in Women, what happens in Level 1 (Orientation of Individual Survival)?
The woman concentrates on herself - on what is practical and what is best for her.
In Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development in Women, what happens during Transition 1 (From Selfishness to Responsibility)?
The woman realizes her connection to others and thinks about what the responsible choice would be in terms of other people (Including her unborn baby), as well as herself
In Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development in Women, what happens in Level 2 (Goodness as Self-Sacrifice)?
She sacrifices her own wishes to what other people want and will think of her. She considers herself responsible for the actions of others, while holding others, responsible for her own choices. She is in a dependent position, one in which her indirect efforts to exert control often turn into manipulation, sometimes through the use of guilt.
In Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development in Women, what happens in Transition 2 (From Goodness to Truth)?
The woman assesses her decisions not on the basis of how others will react to them but on her intentions and the consequences of her actions. She develops new judgment that takes into account her own needs, along with those of others, but also wants to be “honest” by being responsible to herself. Survival returns as a major concern.
In Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development in Women, what happens in Level 3 (Morality of Nonviolence)?
By elevating the injunction against hurting anyone (including herself) to a principle that governs all moral judgment and action, the woman establishes a moral equality between herself and others and is then able to assume the responsibility for choice in moral dilemmas.
What are Identity Statuses?
States of ego development that depend on the presence or absence of crisis or commitment.
What is Identity?
A coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which the person is solidly committed
