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Human Development > Chapter 7: Physical And Cognitive Development In Early Childhood > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Physical And Cognitive Development In Early Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

How is growth between ages 3-6 characterized?

A

Rapidly but less quickly than before

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2
Q

What bodily growth changes occur in children aged 3-6?

A

Children lose babyish roundness and take on slender, athletic appearance of children
As abdominal muscles develop, the toddler tightens
Trunks, arms, and legs grow longer
Head is still relatively large but other parts of the body continue to catch up as body proportions steadily become adultlike

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3
Q

What muscular and skeletal growth occurs at ages 3 to 6?

A

Cartilage turns to bone faster than before
Bones become harder
Gives the child a firmer shape and protecting the internal organs
Changes are coordinated by the still-maturing brain and nervous systems

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4
Q

Describe how the brain develops during the ages of 3 to 6 years of children.

A

Less dramatic than during infancy

Brain growth spurt continues until age 3 when the brain is approximately 90% of adult weight

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5
Q

What are the specific parts of the brain which develop during the first three years of childhood?

A

Density of synapses in prefrontal cortex peaks at age 4
Myelination of the pathways of hearing is also complete by age 4
Brain has attained 95% of its peak volume by age 6
Gradual change in corpus callosum which links the left and right hemisphere
Progressive myelination of fibers in corpus callosum permits more rapid transmission of information and better integration between them
Most rapid growth in frontal areas that regulate planning and organizing actions

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6
Q

What are Gross Motor Skills?

A

Physical skills that involve the large muscles

Running, Jumping

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7
Q

What are Fine Motor Skills?

A

Physical skills that involve small muscles and eye-hand coordination

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8
Q

What are Systems of Actions?

A

Increasingly complex combination of skills which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment

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9
Q

What is Handedness?

A

The preference for using one hand over the other

Usually evident by age 3

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10
Q

How does Artistic Development occur between the ages 3 to 6?

A

2 year olds sccribble
3 year olds draw shapes and begin combining more complex designs
4-5 year olds go through the Pictorial Stage

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11
Q

Who performed the landmark study on Artistic Development?

A

Rhoda Kellogg

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12
Q

What are the Cognitive Advances during Early Childhood?

A

Use of Symbols - no need to be in sensorimotor contact to think about it, can imagine that objects or people have properties than those they actually have
Understanding of Identities - Superficial alternations do not change nature of things
Understanding of Cause and Effect - Realization that events have causes
Ability to classify - children organize objects, people, and events into meaningful categories
Understanding of number - children can count and deal with quantities
Empathy - children become more able to imagine how others might feel
Theory of Mind - Children become more aware of mental activity and the functioning of the mind

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13
Q

What are the Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought?

A

Centration: inability to decenter
Irreversibility
Focus on states rather than transformation
Transductive reasoning
Egocentrism
Animism
Inability to distinguish appearance from reality

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14
Q

What is Symbolic Function?

A

The ability to use symbols or mental representations (words, numbers, or images to which a person has attached meaning)

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15
Q

What is Deferred Imitation?

A

It is based on a mental representation of a previously observed event.

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16
Q

What is Pretend Play?

A

Also called Fantasy, Dramatic, or Imaginative Play

Play involving imaginary people and situations

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17
Q

What is Language?

A

Uses a system of symbols (words) to communicate

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18
Q

What is Transduction?

A

Mentally linking two events, especially close in time, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.

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19
Q

What is an understanding of Identities?

A

The concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change in form, size or appearance
Underlies the emerging of self-concepts

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20
Q

What is Categorization or Classification?

A

The ability to identify similarities and differences and distinguish from living from nonliving

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21
Q

What is Animism?

A

The tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

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22
Q

What is Ordinality?

A

The concept of comparing quantities such as more or less, bigger or smaller

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23
Q

What is the Cardinality Principle in counting?

A

When asked to count items, children devise strategies for adding

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24
Q

What is the basic level of number skills?

A 
Counting
Number knowledge (Ordinality)
Number transformation (simple addition and subtraction)
Estimation
Recognition of Number Patterns
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25
Q

What is Centration?

A

In Piaget’s Theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others

26
Q

What is Egocentrism?

A

It is a form of centration and a characteristic of young children’s thought
Piaget’s term for inability to consider another person’s point of view
Helps explain why young children sometimes have trouble separating reality rom what goes on inside their heads and why they may show confusion about what causes what

27
Q

What is Conservation?

A

Piaget’s term for awareness that two objects that are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been aded to or taken away from either object

28
Q

What is Irreversibility?

A

Failure to understand that an operation or action can go two or more ways
Once a child can imagine restoring the original state of a material, he will realize hat the amount in both glasses is the same

29
Q

What are the different tests of various kinds of Conservation?

A

Number, Length, Liquid, Matter (Mass), Weight, Area and Volume

30
Q

What is Theory of Mind?

A

Awareness and understanding of their own mental processes and those of other people

31
Q

What are examples of Theories of Mind?

A

Knowledge about Thinking and Mental States
False Beliefs and Deception
Distinguishing between Appearance and Reality
Distinguishing between Fantasy and Reality

32
Q

What is Social Cognition?

A

The recognition that others have mental states

33
Q

What is Magical Thinking?

A

A way of explaining events that do not seem to have obvious realistic explanations (usually because the lack knowledge about them)

34
Q

What are the three steps involved in Memory?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

35
Q

What is Encoding?

A

Like putting information in a folder to be filed in memory
Attaches a code, or label to the information so that it will be easier to find when needed
Events are encoded along with information about the context in which they are encountered

36
Q

What is Storage?

A

Putting the folder away in the filing cabinet

37
Q

What is Retrieval?

A

Occurs when the information is needed, it is accessed or recalled from memory storage

38
Q

What are the three storehouses of the brain, according to the Information-Processing Approach?

A

Sensory Memory
Working Memory
Long-Term Memory

39
Q

What is Sensory Memory?

A

A temporary holding tan for incoming sensory information; fades quickly

40
Q

What is Working Memory?

A

Short-term storage of information being actively processed
Also known as Short Term Memory
Located partly in Prefrontal Cortex (directly behind the forehead)

41
Q

What is Executive Function?

A

It is conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems
Enables children to plan and carry out goal-directed mental activity

42
Q

What is a Central Executive?

A

Controls processing operations in working memory

A storehouse of virtually unlimited capacity that hold information from long-term memory for further processing

43
Q

What is Long-Term Memory?

A

Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that hold information for long periods of time

44
Q

What are the types of Retrieval?

A

Recognition

Recall

45
Q

What is Recognition?

A

The ability to identify something encountered before

46
Q

What is Recall?

A

The ability to reproduce knowledge from memory

47
Q

What are the types of Childhood Memory?

A

Generic Memory
Episodic Memory
Autobiographical Memory

48
Q

What is Genetic Memory?

A

Produces a script (general outline of a familiar, repeated event)
Helps a child know what to expect and how to act

49
Q

What is Episodic Memory?

A

Refers to awareness of having experienced a particular event or episode at a specific time and place
Usually temporary unless they recur several times
Last for weeks or months and then fade

50
Q

What are Autobiographical Memories?

A

A type of episodic memory which refers to memories of distinctive experiences that form a person’s life history
Not everything in episodic memory becomes part of autobiographical memory
Memories that have special, personal meaning to the child
Emerges between ages 3-5

51
Q

What is the Social Interaction Model?

A

Based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, which proposes that children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events

52
Q

What are the two most common intelligence tests used for preschoolers?

A

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

53
Q

What is Fast Mapping?

A

The process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in a conversation

54
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A

The practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate
Includes knowing how to ask for things, how to tell a story or joke, how to begin and continue a conversation, how to adjust comments to the listener’s perspective

55
Q

What is Social Speech?

A

Speech intended to be understood by a listener

56
Q

What is Private Speech?

A

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others

57
Q

What is Emergent Literacy?

A

Development of prereading skills

58
Q

What are the two types of prereading skills?

A

Oral Language Skills

Specific Phonological Skills

59
Q

What are examples of Oral Language Skills?

A

Vocabulary, Syntax, Narrative Structure, and Understanding that language is used to communicate

60
Q

What are Phonological Skills?

A

Skills of linking letters with sounds that help in decoding the printed word

61
Q

What factors affect the readiness of children for kindergarten and strongly predict school success?

A

Emotional and Social Adjustment

Enable preschoolers and parents to visit before the start of kindergarten

Human Development (13 decks)

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