Chapter 8: Psychosocial Development In Early Childhood Flashcards
What is Self-Concept?
Our total picture of our abilities and traits
Cognitive construction
What is Cognitive Construction?
A system of descriptive and evaluated representations about the self that determines how we feel about ourselves and guide our action
What is Self-Definition?
Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself
What is the 5 to 7 Shift?
Psychosocial Changes that occur between the ages 5 to 7
What specific changes make up the age 5 to 7 shift?
Single Representations
Representational Mappings
Representational Systems
What is Single Representations?
Statements about the child’s self are one-dimensional
Thinking jumps from particular to particular without logical connections
Cannot imagine having two emotions at the same time
Thinking about himself is all or nothing
Cannot acknowledge that his real self is not the same as his ideal self
What is Real Self?
The self one actually is
What is Ideal Self?
The self one would like to be
What is the Representational Mapping?
When he begins to make logical connections between one aspect of himself and another
What are Representational Systems?
When children begin to integrate specific features of the self into a general multidimensional concept
Self-descriptions become more balanced and realistic
What is Self-Esteem?
The Self-evaluative part of the self-concept
Judgment children make about their overall worth
What happens to children whose self-esteem is contingent on success?
They may view failure or criticism asa ana indictment of their worth and may feel helpless to do better
They may interpret failure as a sign of being bad
They tend to become demoralized when they fail
They attribute poor performance or social rejection o their personality deficiencies
What happens during Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development?
Children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so
Marks a split between two parts of the personality: the part that remains a child and the part that is becoming an adult
What is the third stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development?
Initiative Vs. Guilt
Virtue: Purpose
What is the virtue of Purpose?
The courage to envision and pursue goals without being unduly inhibited by guilt or fear of punishment
What is Gender Identity?
It is the awareness of one’s femaleness or maleness and all it implies in one’s society of origin
What are Gender Differences?
Psychological or behavioral differences between males and females
What are Gender Roles?
Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex; these differ for males and females
What are the perspectives on Gender Development?
Biological - many or most behavioral differences bettween sexes can be traced to biological differences
Evolutionary - Children develop gender roles in preparation for adult mating and reproductive behavior
Psychoanalytic - Gender identity occurs when the child identifies with same-sex parent
Gender Schema Theory - Child organizes information about what is considered appropriate for a boy/girl on the basis of what the culture dictates and behaves accordingly
Social Learning - Child mentally combines observations of gendered behavior and creates own behavioral variations
What is Gender-Typing?
Socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles
What are Gender Stereotypes?
Preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior
What is the Theory of Sexual Selection?
Darwin’s theory that gender roles developed in response to men’s and women’s differing reproductive needs
What is Identification?
In Freudian theory, the process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex.
What s Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory?
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
What is Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory?
Gender knowledge precedes gendered behavior
What is Gender Constancy?
Awareness that one will always be male or female
Also called Sex-Category Constancy
What is Gender-Schema Theory?
It is a theory proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing an organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture
What is the Social Cognitive Theory?
Albert Bandura’s expansion of social learning theory, holds that children learn gender roles through socialization
What is Play?
Does not see to serve any obvious purpose
What is Rough and Tumble Play?
Play that involves wrestling, kicking, and chasing becomes more common, especially among oys
What are the Cognitive Levels of Play?
Functional Play
Constructive Play
Dramatic Play
What is Functional Play?
It is play involving repetitive large muscular movements
Also known as Locomotor Play
What is Constructive Play?
Play involving use of objects or materials to make something
Also known as Object Play
What is Dramatic Play?
Play involving imaginary people or situations; also called Pretend Play, Fantasy Play, or Imaginative Play
What is Formal Games with Rules?
Organized games with known procedures and penalties
Who identified six types of play ranging from the least to the most social?
Mildred B. Parten
What are the six types of play according to Mildred Parten?
Unoccupied Behavior Onlooker Behavior Solitary Independent Play Parallel Play Associative Play Cooperative or Organized Supplementary Play
What are the Forms of Discipline?
Reinforcement and Punishment
Inductive Reasoning, Power, Assertion, and Withdrawal of Love
What is Discipline?
Instruction or training, methods of molding character and of teaching self-control and acceptable behavior
What are the types of Reinforcements?
External
Internal
What are External Reinforcements?
Tangible (treats, more playtime) or Intangible (smile, word o praise, hug, extra attention or special privilege)
What is Internal Reinforcement?
A sense of pleasure or accomplishment
What is Corporal Punishment?
Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior
What is Psychological Aggression?
Verbal attacks that may result in psychological harm
What are Inductive Techniques?
Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness
What is Power Assertion?
Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control
What is Withdrawal of Love?
Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child
Who proposed the Effectiveness of Authoritative Parenting?
Diana Bauamrind
What are the Parenting Types?
Authoritarian Parenting
Permissive Parenting
Authoritative Parenting
What is Authoritarian Parenting?
Parenting style emphasizing control and obedience
What is Permissive Parenting?
Parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation
What is Authoritative Parernting?
Parenting style blending respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values
Who came up with the Fourth Parenting Style?
Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin
What is the fourth style of Parenting?
Neglectful or Uninvolved Parenting
What is the Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting Style?
Parents who sometimes, because of stress or depression, focus on their needs rather than on those of the child.
What are the four aspects of early supportive parenting?
Warmth
Use of Inductive Discipline
Interest and Involvement in children’s contacts with peers
Proactive teaching of social skills
What are issues of special concern to parents, caregivers, and teachers of preschool children?
Promotion of altruism
Curbing of aggression
Dealing with fears that arise at this age
What is Prosocial Behavior?
Any voluntary behavior intended to help others
What is Altruism?
Behavior intended to help others out inner of inner concern and without expectation of external reward
May involve self-denial or self-sacrifice
What is Instrumental Aggression?
Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal
What is Overt Aggression?
Aggression that is openly directed at its target
What is Relational Aggression?
Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being
What influence Aggression in children?
A child’s temperament
Genetic and Environmental Sources
Parental Behaviors
Stressful and Stimulating Home Atmosphere
Harsh Discipline
Lack of Maternal Warmth and Social Support
Exposure to Aggressive Adults and Neighborhood Violence
Transient Peer Groups
