Chaper 6: Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years Flashcards
What is Personality?
The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
What are the Psychosocial Development Issues in Infancy?
Developing Trust
Developing Attachments
Emotional Communication With Caregivers: Mutual Regulation and Social Referencing
What are the Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood?
The Emerging Sense of Self, The Development of Autonomy, The Roots of oral Development: Socialization and Internalization
What was John Bowlby known for?
He was a pioneer in the study of bonding in animals.
Observed disturbed children in a London Psychoanalytic Clinic.
Became convince of the importance of the mother-baby bond and warned against separating moother and baby without providing substitute care
What is Psychosocial Development?
The intertwining of personality development and social relationships
What are Emotions?
These are subjective reactions to experience that are assocciated with physiological and behavioral changes
What are the First Signs of Emotions?
They cry when they want or need something
They smile or laugh when they feel sociable
What are the four patterns of crying?
Hunger Cry
Angry Cry
Pain Cry
Frustration Cry
What are the characteristics of a Hunger Cry?
A rhythmic cry, which is not always associated with hunger
What is an Angry Cry?
A variation of the rhythmic cry, in which excess air is forced through the vocal chords
What is a Pain Cry?
Sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by holding the breath
What is a Frustration Cry?
Two or three drawn-out cries, with no prolonged breathholding
What are Self-Conscious Emotions?
Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness
What is Self-Awareness?
Realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things
What are Self-Evaluative Emotions?
Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior
What is Empathy?
The ability to imagine how another person might feel in a particular situation
What is Altruistic Behavior?
Acting out of concern for a stranger with no expectation of reward
What are the major shifts in Brain Development during the first three years of a child?
Cerebral Cortex becomes functional bringing cognitive perceptions into play
Frontal Lobes begin to interact with the Limbic System, the seat of emotional reactions, Limbic Structures (Hippocampus) become larger and more adultlike
Myelination of the Frontal Lobes leads to changes in an infant’s self-awareness, self-conscious emotions, and a greater capacity for regulating emotions and activities
Hormonal changes in the autonomic (Involuntary) Nervous Systems coincide with the emergence of evaluative emotions
What are the two parts of the Autonomic System?
Sympathetic System
Parasympathetic System
What is the Sympathetic System?
Part of the Autonomic Nervous System which prepares the body for action
What is the Parasympathetic System?
The part of the Autonomic Nervous System which is involved in excretion and sexual excitation
What is Temperament?
It is sometimes defined as a person’s characteristic, biologically-based way of approaching and reacting to people and situations
The How of behavior, How they go aboout doing it
What are the three types of Temperamental Patterns?
Easy Children
Difficult Children
Slow-to-Warm-Up Children
What are the characteristics of Easy Children?
Moods are of mild to moderate intensity, usually positive
Responds well to novelty and change
Quickly develops regular sleep and feeding schedules
Takes to new foods easily
Adapts easily to new situations
Accepts most frustrations with little fuss
Adapts quickly to new routines and rules of new games
What are characteristics of Difficult Children?
Intense and frequently negative moods, cries often and loudly, laughs loudly Responds poorly to novelty and change Sleeps and eats irregularly Accepts new foods slowly Suspicious of strangers Adapts slowly to new situations Reacts to frustration with tantrums Adjusts slowly to new routines
What are Slow-To-Warm-Up Children?
Mildly intense reactions both positive and negative
Responds slowly to novelty and change
Sleeps and eats more regularly than the difficult child, less regularly than the easy child
Shows mildly negative initial response to new stimuli
Gradually develops liking for new stimuli after repeated, unpressured exposures
What is Goodness of Fit?
Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament
What was Harry Harlow’s Experiment?
The Cloth/Wire Mother Experiment. Infant monkeys were put into cages with one of two kinds of surrogate “mothers”: a plain cylindrical wire-mesh form or a form covered with terry cloth. Some were fed from wire mothers and the terry cloth mothers. When allowed time to spend with mothers, they spent time with cloth surrogates. Findings were that feeding is not the only important thing babies get from mothers. Close body contact gives comfort.
At what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development do the infants and children up to 18 months belong to?
Basic Trust Vs. Mistrust
What happens during the Trust Versus Basic Mistrust Stage of Psychosocial Development?
Children need to develop a balance between trust (lets them form intimate relationships) and mistrust (which enables them to protect themselves)
If trust predominates, children develop the Virtue of Hope (the belief that they can fulfill their needs and obtain their desires)
If mistrust predominates, children will view the world as unfriendly and unpredictable and will have trouble forming relationships
What is Attachment?
A reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
Evolutionary perspective: attachments have adaptive value, ensuring that psychosocial and physical needs are met
What are the Foundations of Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years?
Emotions
Temperament
Earliest Social Experience: The Infant in the Family
Gender
What was Mary Ainsworth’s Study
Strange Situation
What was the Strange Situation?
Consisted of a sequence of 8 episodes which takes less than half an hour. Mother leaves baby twice in an unfamiliar room, the first time with a stranger, second time she leaves the baby alone, stranger comes back before mother does. Mother encourages baby to explore and play again and gives comfort if baby seems to need it. Took note of baby’s response each time Mother returns.
What were the results of Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation?
There were three Patterns of Attachment: Secure Attachment, Avoidant Attachment and Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment
What is Secure Attachment?
Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver on his or her return
What is Avoidant Attachment?
Babies cry when mothers leave but avoid her return, they are angry and do not reach out in time of need, they dislike being held and dislike being put down even more.
What is Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment?
Babies become anxious before Mom leaves and are very upset when she goes out, upon return, the baby seek constant contact with her but resists by kicking and squirming. They do little exploration and are hard to comfort.
Who were the proponents of the fourth style of attachment?
Mary Main and Solomon
What is the fourth style of attachment that emerged as a result of the study?
DIsorganized/Disoriented Attachment
What is Disorganized-Disorieentted Attachment?
Babies seem to lack an organized strategy in dealing with the stress of the Strange Situation, they show contradictory, repetitive, or misdirected behaviors
How is Attachment established?
Baby builds a “working model” depending on his/her interaction with the mother, this is related to Erikson’s concept of basic trust
What is Stranger Anxiety?
Wariness of strange people and places, this is shown by some infants during the second half of the first year
What is Separation Anxiety?
Distress is shown by infant when a familiar caregiver leaves
What is the Attachment Theory?
Security of Attachment seems to affect emotional, social, and cognitive competence.
What is Mutual Regulation?
Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional stress to each other and respond appropriately.
What is Social Referencing?
Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking another person’s perception of it
May give rise in key developments of toddlerhood
What are the key developments of toddlerhood?
Rise of self-conscious emotions (pride and embarrassment)
The development of a sense of self
The processes of Socialization and Interalization
What are the main psychological issues that toddlers and their caregivers have to deal with?
The emerging sense of self
The growth of autonomy/self-determination
Socialization/Internalization of behavioral standards
What is Self-Concept?
Our image of ourselves
Our total picture of our abilities and traits
Describes how wee know and feel about ourselves and guides our actions
What is Personal Agency?
Happens between 4 to 10 months
Realization that they can control external events
What is Self-Coherence?
The sense of being a physical whole with boundaries separate from the rest of the world
What is Self-Awareness?
The conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct, identifiable being
What is Perceptual Discrimination?
The perceptual distinction between self and others
Foundation of the conceptual self-awareness that develops between 15 and 18 months
What period do 18 month-olds to 3 year olds belong to in Erikson’s psychosocial development?
Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt
What is the Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt in Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?
Marked by a shift from external control to self-control
The stage in psychosocial development in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others
What Virtue emerges if the psychosocial stage is resolved?
Will
What is Socialization?
The process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible, productive members of society
What is Interalization?
During socialization, the process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.
What is Self-Regulation?
A child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations
Links all domains of development - physical, cognitive, emotional, and social
What are the two types of Compliance?
Committed Compliance
Situation Compliance
What is Committed Compliance?
Kochansika’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses
What is Situational Compliance?
Kochanska’s term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control
What is Receptive Cooperation?
Kochanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play
Who made the longitudinal study of toddlers and mothers in Iowa to discover the Origins of Conscience?
Grazyna Kochanska
What factors resolve successful socialization of children?
Security of attachment
Observational Learning from Parents’ behavior
Mutual Responsiveness of Parent and Child
Socioeconomic Factors
Cultural Factors
What is Constructive Conflict over a child’s behavior?
Conflict that resolves negotiation, reasoning and resolution which can help children develop moral understanding by enabling them to see another point of view
What are forms of Maltreatment?
Physical abuse
Neglect
Sexual Abuse
Emotional Maltreatment
What is Physical Abuse?
Injury to the body through punching, beating, kicking, shaking, or burning
What is Neglect?
The failure to meet a child’s basic needs, such as food, clothing, medical care, protection, and supervision
What is Sexual Abuse?
Any sexual activity involving a child and an older person
What is Emotional Maltreatment?
Includes Rejection, Terrorization, Isolation, Exploitation, Degradation, Ridicule, or Failure to provide emotional support, love and affection
Action or Inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders
What is Failure to Thrive?
Infant death due to neglect such as inadequate nutrition, distributed interactions with parents, and other factors, such as disease, difficulties in breast-feeding, and improper formula preparation or feeding techniques
What is Shaken Baby Syndrome?
A form of maltreatment found mainly in children under 2 years, most often in infants
When a caregiver loses control and shakes a crying baby in a desperate attempt to quiet the child
