Chaper 6: Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years Flashcards
What is Personality?
The relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique
What are the Psychosocial Development Issues in Infancy?
Developing Trust
Developing Attachments
Emotional Communication With Caregivers: Mutual Regulation and Social Referencing
What are the Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood?
The Emerging Sense of Self, The Development of Autonomy, The Roots of oral Development: Socialization and Internalization
What was John Bowlby known for?
He was a pioneer in the study of bonding in animals.
Observed disturbed children in a London Psychoanalytic Clinic.
Became convince of the importance of the mother-baby bond and warned against separating moother and baby without providing substitute care
What is Psychosocial Development?
The intertwining of personality development and social relationships
What are Emotions?
These are subjective reactions to experience that are assocciated with physiological and behavioral changes
What are the First Signs of Emotions?
They cry when they want or need something
They smile or laugh when they feel sociable
What are the four patterns of crying?
Hunger Cry
Angry Cry
Pain Cry
Frustration Cry
What are the characteristics of a Hunger Cry?
A rhythmic cry, which is not always associated with hunger
What is an Angry Cry?
A variation of the rhythmic cry, in which excess air is forced through the vocal chords
What is a Pain Cry?
Sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning, sometimes followed by holding the breath
What is a Frustration Cry?
Two or three drawn-out cries, with no prolonged breathholding
What are Self-Conscious Emotions?
Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness
What is Self-Awareness?
Realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things
What are Self-Evaluative Emotions?
Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior
What is Empathy?
The ability to imagine how another person might feel in a particular situation
What is Altruistic Behavior?
Acting out of concern for a stranger with no expectation of reward
What are the major shifts in Brain Development during the first three years of a child?
Cerebral Cortex becomes functional bringing cognitive perceptions into play
Frontal Lobes begin to interact with the Limbic System, the seat of emotional reactions, Limbic Structures (Hippocampus) become larger and more adultlike
Myelination of the Frontal Lobes leads to changes in an infant’s self-awareness, self-conscious emotions, and a greater capacity for regulating emotions and activities
Hormonal changes in the autonomic (Involuntary) Nervous Systems coincide with the emergence of evaluative emotions
What are the two parts of the Autonomic System?
Sympathetic System
Parasympathetic System
What is the Sympathetic System?
Part of the Autonomic Nervous System which prepares the body for action
What is the Parasympathetic System?
The part of the Autonomic Nervous System which is involved in excretion and sexual excitation
What is Temperament?
It is sometimes defined as a person’s characteristic, biologically-based way of approaching and reacting to people and situations
The How of behavior, How they go aboout doing it
What are the three types of Temperamental Patterns?
Easy Children
Difficult Children
Slow-to-Warm-Up Children
What are the characteristics of Easy Children?
Moods are of mild to moderate intensity, usually positive
Responds well to novelty and change
Quickly develops regular sleep and feeding schedules
Takes to new foods easily
Adapts easily to new situations
Accepts most frustrations with little fuss
Adapts quickly to new routines and rules of new games
What are characteristics of Difficult Children?
Intense and frequently negative moods, cries often and loudly, laughs loudly Responds poorly to novelty and change Sleeps and eats irregularly Accepts new foods slowly Suspicious of strangers Adapts slowly to new situations Reacts to frustration with tantrums Adjusts slowly to new routines
What are Slow-To-Warm-Up Children?
Mildly intense reactions both positive and negative
Responds slowly to novelty and change
Sleeps and eats more regularly than the difficult child, less regularly than the easy child
Shows mildly negative initial response to new stimuli
Gradually develops liking for new stimuli after repeated, unpressured exposures
What is Goodness of Fit?
Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament
What was Harry Harlow’s Experiment?
The Cloth/Wire Mother Experiment. Infant monkeys were put into cages with one of two kinds of surrogate “mothers”: a plain cylindrical wire-mesh form or a form covered with terry cloth. Some were fed from wire mothers and the terry cloth mothers. When allowed time to spend with mothers, they spent time with cloth surrogates. Findings were that feeding is not the only important thing babies get from mothers. Close body contact gives comfort.
At what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development do the infants and children up to 18 months belong to?
Basic Trust Vs. Mistrust