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Year 3 > KNPE 335 - Midterm > Flashcards

KNPE 335 - Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

age trends and projections in canada

A

increasing number of people age 65 and older and decreasing number of people aged 0-14

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2
Q

What determines trends in senior populations in canada

A
  1. Fertility trends
  2. Migration
  3. Life expectancy
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3
Q

Why may seniors not inhabit NWT or Nunavut

A

not good access to resources that seniors need

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4
Q

life expectancy trends

A

individual life expectancy continues to increase across males and females

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5
Q

4 life span predictions

A
  1. decrease in infant mortality rate
  2. Advances in public health
  3. plateau of life expectancy
  4. adding “life to years” instead of “years to life”
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6
Q

Aging and quality of life

A

-living linger does not mean better
-decreased quality of life: decrease physical, cognitive, mental and social health & increase in common morbidities and comorbidities

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7
Q

what does the fact that people are living longer not better infer

A

we focus more attention to quantity of life rather than quality of life

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8
Q

gender trends in living longer

A

males showed more of a desire to live longer

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9
Q

4 things desire to live is associated with

A
  1. positive psychological wellbeing
  2. increase happiness, life satisfaction and purpose
  3. decrease risk of all cause mortality
  4. decrease mortality from cancer or suicide
    (3 and 4 didnt look at quality of life as a mediator)
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10
Q

chronological age

A

number of years a person has lived

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11
Q

biological age

A

a description of individuals development based on biomedical markers that are determined by molecular or cellular events (can change aging progression)

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12
Q

Psychological age

A

a description of ones own experiences using nonphysical features such as experience, logic and emotion

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13
Q

Social psychological/subjective age

A

the personal subjective age of a person based on how old the individual feels and how they feel towards age

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14
Q

Social age

A

the social roles that an individual has placed on them by society that determines their age

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15
Q

Types of functional age

A

1st age: childhood
2nd age: working and parenting
3rd age: “young old” between 65-84 years
4th age: above 85 years

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16
Q

Functional Age

A

a combination of chronological, biological, and psychological age. Considered to be the wholistic picture of a persons described age

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17
Q

healthy aging includes a persons ability to:

A

-meet basic needs
-learn, grow and make decisions
-be mobile
-build and maintain relationships
-contribute to society

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18
Q

Rowe and Kahan 3 main points to successfully age

A
  1. Avoiding disease and disability
  2. High cognitive and physical function
  3. engagement with life
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19
Q

Fries (1980) compression of morbidity

A

how much illness has a burden on you is compressed to later in your life (QoL refers to how long you suffer for)

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20
Q

Strawbridge (2002)

A

in addition to the 3 main points, need to include the effect of chronic conditions and functional difficulties with successful aging

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21
Q

Riechstadt et al (2010)

A

qualitative interviews on successful aging in older adult perspectives: people who percieve aging as positive are more likely to successfully age

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22
Q

2 categories of aging theory

A
  1. Stochastic theories of aging
  2. programmed theories
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23
Q

stochastic theories of aging

A

-most prevalent is free radical theory
-metabolic rxns occurring continuously in the body produce unstable molecules called free radicals
-“anti-oxidant vitamins”
-age spots
-random change due to random rxns that create free radicals cause aging

FREE RADICALS -> CELL DAMAGE -> AGING

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24
Q

Non stochastic theories of aging (programmed)

A

-born with biological clock, programmed time you will die
-aging is predetermined through programmed cells and cell death

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25
Q

Neuroendocrine-Immunilogical theory

A

-tied to both programmed and free radical theory
-immunity theory of aging (by targetting immune system we can prevent aging)

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26
Q

General Physical Changes with Aging

A

-increased risk of chronic disease
-decline in lean body mass & bone density
-increased risk of fractures
-increased risk of falls
-impaired oral, eye, ear health
-changes in skin, taste, smell
-geriatric syndromes (dementia, depression …)

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27
Q

broad Changes during aging

A

-skeletal
-musculature
-vision
-hearing
-vestibular
-joint proprioception
-balance

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28
Q

what is the skeletal system essential for

A

calcium storage, movement, reduce frailty

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29
Q

starting at 30, progression of various issues to skeletal system such as:

A

-density/mass of bones begin to diminish
-bones more fragile and more likely to break
-development of osteoporosis/osteoarthritis
-stiffer/less flexible joints
-limited ROM
-collapse of vertebrae

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30
Q

when is bone density decline the highest in women

A

after menopause

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31
Q

peak muscle strength

A

-peak muscle strength occurrs at age 20-30

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32
Q

musculature is essential for:

A

-prevent weakness
-prevent fatigue
-improve ability to perform activities of daily living
-reduce risk of falls and injury

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33
Q

musculature after 30 and into old age

A

-muscle atrophy (thinning/loss of muscle tissues)
-harder to regenerate muscle
-sarcopenia (loss of muscle)
-muscle fibers cannot contract as quickly
-presence of lipofuscin
-hand and joint tissue becomes tough fibrous tissue

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34
Q

Visual Changes

A

-occur due to environment, genes, illness/disease, and socioeconomic factors
-1 in 9 canadians experience irreversible vision loss by 65

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35
Q

common visual diseases

A

-glaucoma (damage to optic n)
-dry eyes
-macular degeneration
-cataracts (cloudy lens)
-diabetic retinopathy

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36
Q

age related change to the pupil

A

resting pupil diameter decreases

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37
Q

age related change to the lens

A

lens protein precipitate (cataracts)

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38
Q

age related change to the macula

A

receptors generate and die, causing loss of central vision

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39
Q

age related change to vitreous humour

A

changes from gel to liquid, may detach from retina

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40
Q

hearing changes

A

-prebycusis
-hearing loss: sensorineural, conductive, mixed

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41
Q

prebycusis

A

-preogressive, multifaceted, age-related hearing loss
-influenced by factors like genetics, environment, trauma, ototoxic medicines

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42
Q

age related changes to ear canal

A

-potential collapse
-earwax accumulates

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43
Q

age related changes to ossicles

A

joints between calcify and become thinner

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44
Q

age related changes to the eustachian tube

A

muscles atrophy

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45
Q

age related changes to the pinna

A

enlarges with age

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46
Q

vestibular changes with age

A

-increase frailty
-decrease balance

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47
Q

Joint proprioception and aging

A

-mechanoreceptors changes, which are located in the joints, capsules, ligaments, muscles, tendons and skin
-impaired/ deterioration of proprioception leading to less accurate detection of body position
**result in increased risk for falls and degenerative joint disease

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48
Q

Balance and aging

A

-balance disorders result from steady reduction of several systems functions including musculoskeletal, CNS, & sensory system

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49
Q

three fundamental properties of balance

A
  1. steadiness
  2. symmetry
  3. dynamic stability
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50
Q

what does good balance require?

A

reliable sensory input form an individuals vision, vestibular system & proprioceptors

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51
Q

Balance disorders in the elderly

A

-degenerative neuropathy
-decrease nerve conduction velocity
-decrease vestibular function
-visual impairment
-degenerative spinal deformity
-decrease function of tendons/joints
-decrease thigh muscle thickness

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52
Q

3 most common chronic diseases in 65+ age group

A
  1. hypertension
  2. periodontal disease
  3. Osteoarthritis
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53
Q

10 common chronic diseases among 65+

A
  1. hypertension
  2. periodontal disease
  3. osteoarthritis
  4. diabetes
  5. Ischemic heart disease
  6. asthma
  7. mood & anxity disorders
  8. cancer
  9. COPD
  10. osteoporosis
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54
Q

prevlaence trend for chronic diseases

A

all increase with age except for asthma (decrease)

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55
Q

what is the most important risk factor for chronic disease

A

aging - due to decline in organ function and system function

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56
Q

Multimorbidity

A

-the co-occurrance in the same individual of two or more of ten common chronic diseases

-associated with impaired QoL, increased use of health care, institutionalization, adverse health effects, disability and premature death

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57
Q

prevalance of multimorbidity

A

with increasing age, increasing risk of multimorbidity (positive correlation)

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58
Q

diabetes and aging

A

-aging increases risk of diabetes (increase insulin resistance and decrease pancreatic repairs)
-management is more complicated in older adults
-cognitive issues

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59
Q

relationship between lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and age

A

lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease increases with age with or without risk factors but risk factors increases rate of lifetime risk more

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60
Q

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

A

-most common in older adults
-due to changes in vascular system as one ages
-reduction of elastic tissues, resulting in stiff arteries
**age influences HBP independent of other risk factors

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61
Q

cancer and aging

A

-aging is a major risk factor for developing cancer

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62
Q

hypothesis of cancer

A

after 85, cancer risk decreases due to lack of cell growth

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63
Q

Falls

A

-most common cause of injury in older adults
-one of leading causes of death in older adults
-large cost to healthcare system result from falls

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64
Q

Post fall syndrome

A

creates a cycle of increasing weakness and instability through joint mobility reductions, physical deconditioning, and poor balance

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65
Q

Fall cycle

A
  1. Fall
  2. loss of balance confidence
  3. Fear of falling again
  4. Self restriction of physical activities
  5. Reduced muscle strength, impaired balance
  6. abnormal gait, more unstable on feet
  7. increased risk of falling
    REPEAT
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66
Q

compensatory mechanisms walking

A

-cautious gait
-frozen gait

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67
Q

cautious gait

A

excessive degree of age-related changes in walking and fear of falling
(slow, wide base, reduced arm swinging)
***usually occurs right after falling

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68
Q

Frozen Gait

A

-abnormal gate pattern in which there are sudden, short temporary episodes of an inability to move the feet forward despite the intention to walk
-frustrating/annoying
-feet shuffle, then stop but still have intent to move forward so upper body leans increasing risk of falling
***usually occurs a while after falls

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69
Q

Frailty

A

-increased vulnerability to disease, disability, being dependent and death
-associated with multiple health conditions, reduced mobility & functional decline

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70
Q

5 ways to avoid frailty CFN

A

activity, vaccinate, optimize medications, interact, diet & nutrition

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71
Q

7 behaviours of a healthy lifestyle

A
  1. Exercising
  2. Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables
  3. Not smoking
  4. Drinking alcohol in moderation
  5. Getting adequate rest
  6. Coping with stress
  7. Having a positive outlook
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72
Q

Basic activities of daily living

A

things needed to manage basic physical needs
ex
-dressing
-locomotion
-continence
-eating
-transferring
-walking/moving around

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73
Q

instrumental activities of daily living

A

things to take care of self/home
ex.
-using phone
-traveling
-shopping
-preparing meals
-housework
-taking medicine
**good way to measure independence

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74
Q

5 types of physical activity

A
  1. aerobic (endurance)
  2. Strength
  3. Flexibility
  4. Balance
  5. Functional
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75
Q

Aerobic (endurance) PA

A

-supplies O2 to brain
-walking, jogging, swimming
-20-30m / day

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76
Q

strength PA

A

-muscles work more than daily living activities
-weight training, resistance bands etc

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77
Q

flexibility PA

A

-flexability and stretching for increased freedom of movement for everyday activities and other exercise
-yoga, leg raises, swimming

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78
Q

Balance PA

A

-strengthens muscle that keeps you upright
-improve stability to prevent falls

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79
Q

Functional PA

A

-trains muscles to work together
-prepares for daily tasks by reproducing common movements
-various muscles in upper and lower body used at same time
-mimics everyday activities

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80
Q

examples of benefits of PA

A

-decrease BP
-increase strength and CV endurance
-increase balance
-increase lung and breathing function
-improve immune function
-reduce depression and anxiety
-control obesity

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81
Q

frailty and exercise

A

-can help improve physical function, minimize and delay age-related declines
-aerobic, muscle strengthening, and multi-component PA programs all demonstrate benefits to frailty

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82
Q

PA benefits related to frailty

A

-improves ability to perform tasks
-prevents weak bones and muscle loss
-improves joint mobility & sleep quality
-reduces risk of chronic conditions
-extends years of activity and independent living
-lowers risk of demetia
-reduced likelihood of falls

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83
Q

2 types of barriers to activity

A
  1. Intrinsic barriers
  2. Extrinsic barrires
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84
Q

intrinsic barriers

A

-related to beliefs, motives, and experiences

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85
Q

extrinsic barriers

A

-related to broader physical activity environment

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86
Q

two main avenues in overcoming barriers

A
  1. Reassurance in relation to concerns abt safety, frequency, and intensity
  2. education of individuals as to what is appropritate PA
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87
Q

controversy of master athletes

A

one view: can be motivating for people who CAN participate
other view: creates social comparisson because they may not be able to engage also

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88
Q

What is cognition?

A

set of all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge, attention, memory, judgement and evaluation, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, comprehension, and production of language

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89
Q

Cognitive Health

A

a brain that can perform all the mental processes that are collectively known as cognition, including learning, intuition, judgement, language and remembering

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90
Q

cognitive non-linear changes that occur during aging

A

-memory
-attention
-language
-intelligence
-brain changes
-everyday functioning
**can improve and/or decline

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91
Q

Brain reserve

A

“passive” form of capacity that is thought to depend on the structural properties of the brain. Physical/structural components (size, # neurons….)

**declines with age

92
Q

Less brain reserve =

A

lower threshold of expression of functional impairments

93
Q

Cognitive Reserve

A

“active” mechanism for coping with brain pathology. The brains ability to cope with damage or changes, such as aging or neurological disease, by using pre-existing cognitive processes

-helps maintain cognitive function despite brain pathology

94
Q

General Aging trends

A

speed and memory decline the most while vocabulary declines the least

**individulals who did PA everyday declined less than those who did cognition activites everyday

95
Q

Aging & Long term memory

A

-slower processing speed and difficulty retrieving memories, but not all memory decline is related to alzheimers

96
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

mentally stimulating activities can help maintain long-term memory function

97
Q

types of long term memory

A

Episodic & semantic

98
Q

Episodic memory

A

personal experiences, tends to decline with age

99
Q

semantic memory

A

facts and knowledge, usually remains stable longer

100
Q

Hippocampus and memory

A

plays a crucial role with long term memory, a reduction in hippocampal volume may lead to age-related cognitive decline

101
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

tasks involving quick thinking, info manipulation, activities involving allocation and reallocation of attention
(biology based)

102
Q

examples of fluid intelligence

A

testing memory, spatial relations, abstrat and inductive resoning, free recall, mental calculations

103
Q

age related differences of fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

fluid intelligence declines with age meanwhile crystallized stays the same

104
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

tasks that tap well-learned skills, language, and retrival of learned material
(culture-knowledge based)

105
Q

examples of crystallized intelligence

A

verbal meaning, word association, social judegment etc

106
Q

development rates of fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

fluid: develops quickly, declines fast

crystallized: develops slower but suffers less decline

107
Q

factors affecting cognitive needs

A
  1. High BP
  2. Genetic predisposition to alzhimers
  3. High cholesterol
  4. Inflammation
  5. Myocardial Infarction
  6. Diabetes
  7. Stroke
  8. Depression
  9. Alcohol
  10. poor sleep quality
108
Q

Dementia

A

-group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily life
-results in cognitive and psychological changes
-caused by damage to or loss of nerve cells and their connections in the brain

109
Q

why is dementia hard to treat and diagnose

A

likely to have multiple comorbidities making it difficult to identify

110
Q

causes of dementia

A

caused by neurodegeneration, which is the damage and death of brain neurons **progressive

111
Q

what do you SEE in someone brain who has dementia

A

shrinkage of the hippocampus and enlarged ventricles

112
Q

general trend in dementia statistics

A

expected to increase prevalence by 50% likely because people are living longer AND because we have better technology to diagnose

113
Q

what populations is dementia increasing in

A

asian, indigenous, african, latin and central american and females

114
Q

8 A’s of dementia

A
  1. Anosognosia
  2. Agnosia
  3. Aphasia
  4. Apraxia
  5. Altered perception
  6. Amnesia
  7. Apathy
  8. Attention deficits
115
Q

Anosognosia

A

Ignorance of the presence of disease

116
Q

agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects by using the senses

117
Q

aphasia

A

loss of ability to speak or understand spoken, written or sign language

118
Q

apraxia

A

inability to perform purposeful movements

119
Q

Amnesia

A

memory loss

120
Q

apathy

A

lack of interest; inability to begin activities

121
Q

Acute A’s of dementia

A

apathy, attention deficits, and amnesia

122
Q

risk factors that cannot be changed

A

-age
-genetics
-sex

123
Q

risk factors that can be changed: EARLY LIFE

A

-education
(less education=greater risk of dementia)

124
Q

risk factors that can be changed: MIDLIFE

A

-hypertension
-obesity
-hearing loss
-alcohol intake
-TBI

125
Q

risk factors that can be changed: LATE LIFE

A

-smoking
-depression
-social isolation
-inactivity
-diabetes
-air pollution

126
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

-most common cause of a preogressive dementia in older adults
-occurs when proteins (plaques) and fibers (tangles) build up in the brain -> this blocks nerve signals

127
Q

what does alzheimers look like

A

shrunken brain

128
Q

S&S EARLY alzheimers

A

-beginning memory loss disrupting daily life
-coming up with the right word or name
-remembering names
-difficulty performing tasks
-forgetting material just read
-misplacing things
-changes in mood/personality
-increased trouble planning/organizing

129
Q

S&S MODERATE alzheimers

A

-being forgetful of personal events
-feeling moody/withdrawn
-unable to recall info
-confusion
-need help chosing proper clothing according to season
-trouble with bowel and bladder control
-changes in sleep
-wander
-personality and behaviour changes

130
Q

S&S SEVERE alzheimers disease

A

-around the clock assistance
-changes in physical abilities
-difficulty with or no communication
-vulnerable to infection

131
Q

clinical diagnosis of alzheimers

A

-medical history
-physical exam
-neuro exam
-mental cognitive status exam
-brain imaging
-blood samples
-protein analysis of CSF

132
Q

what percent of dementia cases could be prevented through 12 changeable risk factors

A

40%

133
Q

Cognitive function

A

changes in memory, attention & processing speed

134
Q

mental disorders:

A

depression, anxiety, cognitive impairments

135
Q

well being

A

general sense of feeling good & being able to function

136
Q

coping mechanisms

A

strageties used to manage stress & life changes

137
Q

Resilience

A

ability to adapt positively to adversity or significant life events

138
Q

life satisfaction

A

overall contentment & fufillment with life experiences

139
Q

purpose and meaning

A

a sense of contribution & meaningful engagement in daily activities and relationships

140
Q

social support

A

relationships with family, friends and communities

141
Q

social isolation

A

the degree to which an inidividual lacks a sense of engagement with others

142
Q

Cultural identity

A

the preservation and influence of ones cultural background

143
Q

cultural competence

A

the ability to interact effectively with people from diverse cultural backgrounds

144
Q

retirement

A

adjusting to a new phase of life with changes to ones routine, responsibilities and identity

145
Q

bereavement

A

coping with loss and the associated grief processes

146
Q

self-esteem

A

maintaining a positive self-image and self-worth

147
Q

autonomy

A

maintaining independence and control over ones life decisions

148
Q

life transitions

A

retirement and bereavement

149
Q

what is mental illness

A

alteration in thinkin, mood or behaviour associated with some significant distress and impaired functioning
***specific diagnosed disorders

150
Q

mental health

A

similar to QoL and well-being

151
Q

mental health and aging

A

prevalence of mental health problems in 65+ ranges from 20-30%

152
Q

most common mental health condition among older adults

A

depression (including undiagnosed)

153
Q

what percent of deaths from suicide are from 60+

A

25%

154
Q

external factors affecting mental health (adults)

A

housing, transportation & mobility, income and services

155
Q

internal factors affecting mental health (adults)

A

physical, emotional, social and spiritual

156
Q

why are mental illnesses missed in older adults

A

-S&S often differ from young people
-symptoms dont match criteria
-less likely to self identify
-can often stem from serious physical illness and mask mental illness
-caregiver stress and burnout

157
Q

factors that contribute to compromising dignity of older adults

A

loneliness, ageism, stigma and discrimination, inequalities, institutionalization, neurocognitive disorders etc…..

158
Q

what would happen if older adult dignity compromised

A

increase change of developing mental illness and less likely to get help

159
Q

3 neurotransmitters associated with healthy aging

A

dopamine, norepenephrine & serotonin

***** decrease with age

160
Q

Dopamine

A

-reward motivation system
-motor control ,decision making, teaching motivation and pleasure
-directly affects mood and mental health

161
Q

serotonin

A

-boost when you feel significant and important
-mood, memory, cognition and sleep
-directly affects mood and mental health

162
Q

norepenephrine

A

-regualted bp
-memory formation and retrival
-stress and sleep regulation

163
Q

9 common mental health disorders in older adults

A
  1. depression
  2. suicide
  3. anxiety
  4. dementia
  5. loneliness and isolation
  6. delerium
  7. paraphrenia
  8. concurrent disorders (mental illness + substance problem)
164
Q

late life depression

A

-may be reactive- such as after long term care admission
-beginning of old age
-affects 1 in 5 ppl
-characterized by an atypical cluster of symptoms
-challenging to distinguish from dementia

165
Q

Late onset depression

A

often has cognitive componenet, some memory impairment, leading to decreased BF and TIA (stroke)

166
Q

Symptoms of depression

A

-change in sleep
-lack of interest
-guilt
-concentration issues (linked to fear)
-changes in energy
-changes in appetite
-psychomotor (slowed down)
-suicide

167
Q

2 screening scales for depression

A
  1. geriatic depression scale
  2. Hamilton rating scale for depression
168
Q

Delirium

A

acute change in mental status causing shift in cognitive functioning, reduced environmental awareness, altered attention and behaviour changes

169
Q

3 types of delirium

A
  1. Hypoactive
  2. Hyperactivity
  3. Mixed
170
Q

Hypoactive delirium

A

abrupt symptoms, withdrawn, reduced speech and activity, apathy

171
Q

hyperactivity delirium

A

gradual symptoms, increased activity, irritability, restlessness, combativeness

172
Q

mixed delirium

A

flucuations in psychomotor activity

173
Q

short term delirium outcomes

A

falls, pressure injuries, aspiration pneumonia, distress, prolonged hospital stay, long term care admission, increased risk of mortality
***these are reversible

174
Q

Long term outcomes of delirium

A

functional and cognitive impairment, dementia, PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbances, increase risk of mortality, aspiration pneumonia, pressure sores

175
Q

Factors reducing risk of delirium

A
  1. Cognitive reserve: the capacity of brain can buffer neuro disease
  2. Social support: regular interactions reduce cogntive impairment by frequent reorientation
  3. Environment: exposure to natural daylight can promote circadian rhythyms
  4. pain management
176
Q

intersection of delirium & MH conditions

A

-some populations most vulnerable to delirium are older adults who have dementia, depression and acute psychiatric syndrome
-each can co-occur

177
Q

when an individual with pre-existing dementia develops delirium, it is called:

A

delirium superimposed on dementia

178
Q

Loneliness

A

-perception, state of mind
-typically though to be subjective, negative feeling related to deficent social relations
-more dangerous to health than smoking

179
Q

high degree of lonelines precipitates:

A

-suicial ideation
-para-suicide
-alzheimers
-dementia
-negative effects on IS &CV systems
-increase hospitalization risk
-can cause symptoms of things to occur more rapidly

180
Q

3 types of loneliness

A
  1. developmental
  2. internal
  3. situational
181
Q

developmental loeliness

A

lack of balance between individualism and innate desire to relate to others

182
Q

situational loneliness

A

socio-economic and cultural milieu effected by environemnt
-caused by unplesaant experiences, trauma etc

182
Q

internal loneliness

A

-more prevalent
-perception of being alone
-associated with low self-esteem and worth

183
Q

interventions of loneliness

A

-activity involvement
-volunteer
-quality relationships
-pharmalogical
-staying in contact

184
Q

Social isolation can lead to:

A

-increase risk ACM
-dementia
-incease risk rehospitalization
-increase # falls

185
Q

social isolation patient care

A

focused on assessing and improving physical, mental AND social well-being

186
Q

Impacts of social isolation

A

1.Health behavioural
2. Psychological
3. Physiological
4. Other outcomes

187
Q

health behavioural impact of social isolation

A

-dont have encouragement to adhere to medical treatmetn
-behaviour habits: drinking, smoking, gambling

188
Q

psychological impact of social isolation

A

-less participation
-increase risk for cognitive decline
-increase risk suicide and depression

189
Q

physiological risk of social isolation

A

-predictor of mortality from heart disease and stroke
-decrease infection resistance

190
Q

other outcomes of social isolation

A

-ACM
-risk of falls
-rehospitalization and institutionalization

191
Q

interventions for social isolation

A

-address medical and social needs
-asking what THEY want
-taking individual presepctive/experience into play
-social prescribing
-patient-centered approach

192
Q

What is social healthy aging

A

adequate and well-functionnig:
social relationships, social support, little or no social strain, social participation, social inclusion, strong & well-functioning social networks & sexuality

193
Q

Key dimensions of social well-being

A

presence and quality of social: relationships, networks, participation, isolation, sexuality, support, strain and environemnt

194
Q

Social Ecological model- MICRO

A

-immediate family, friends & community significantly shape the aging process & health

-supportive social connections & interactions with family and friends are imperative

-need for belonging and reciprocity

-loneliness is influenced by social network size

-family context experiences during early years of ones life has significant influence on later-life health

195
Q

MICRO social ecological model

A

individual & interpersonal factors

196
Q

MESO social ecological model

A

institutional and community

197
Q

social ecological model - meso

A

-neighbourhood, healthcare, eductional systems factors exert influence on adult health experiences

-the physical environemnt, including housing conditions, transportation, access to food, exercise, also affects health

-improved via collaborative leadership, cooperation, age-friendly communities and top down approaches

198
Q

MACRO social ecological model

A

policy, cultural, and structural factors

199
Q

social ecological model - macro

A

-cultural health beliefs, policies, & environemntal characteristics of a region have influence on health

-political factors shape socioeconomic determinants & can reduce health disparities

-capacity to cope with progression of disease & effects of medical intervention are infuenced by sociteal cultural values

200
Q

the socioemotional selective theory

A

-explains progression of social networks while aging
-proportion of emotional material recalled increases with age
-as people age they become selective as to where their time is put
- older adults haev greater emotional response

201
Q

why do older adults have fewer social partners

A

they want to spend time with people they care about most (socioemotional selective theory)

-see themselves as having less time to waste and are more risk-adverse

202
Q

Disengagement theory

A

-as people age they naturally withdraw from responsibilities and social interactions

-theory posits both individual and society benefit

203
Q

social issues of aging and psychological health

A

-connection is critically essential for humans
-social connection is a pillar in health

204
Q

Social connection: Structure

A

the connection to others via the existence of relationships and their roles

205
Q

social connection: Functions

A

a sense of connection that results from actual or percieved support or inclusion

206
Q

social connection: Quality

A

teh sense of connection to others that is based on positive and negative qualities

207
Q

Stress prevention model

A

Social support -> potentil stressor

208
Q

stress buffering model

A

stress appraisals influence health behaviours and physical health outcomes

209
Q

Direct Affect model

A

connection, esteem, control influence health behaviours and physical health outcomes

-social support can improve health even without challenges

210
Q

Retirement and aging

A

-shown to have positive and negative association with mental health
-variations in outcomes of retirement highlight the complexity of this issue

211
Q

evidence of involuntary retirement

A

overall increases the possibility of loneliness, isolation and mental disorders

212
Q

Naturally occurring retirement communities

A

unplanned communities that have high proportion of older residents. integrate health, social and physical supports with a participatoey design that promotes social well being

213
Q

NORC buildings

A

apartments, condos, co-ops with adults

214
Q
A
215
Q

social worth=

A

improved overall health and survival

216
Q

fufilling multiple social roles=

A

self-efficacy and life satisfaction

217
Q

benefits of having strong ties to family/friends

A

more likely to retain independence, a sense of meaning and purpose in life, & effective physical & phsychological functioning longer

218
Q

late life changes that impact social networks & relationships

A

family dynamics, illnesses, retirement, admisson to LTC, death of a spouce or change in income

219
Q

Marriage and aging

A

-those who experienced marital loss have lower positive self-perceptions of aging than those who remained marred

220
Q

how do canadians classify marriage successfully aging?

A

found that men who were continuously married, widowed or became married between waves were more likely to successfully age than never married counterparts

221
Q

Violence against older adults

A

aka elder abuse

-often perpetrated by family members

-includes physical, sexual, financial and emotional

-constantly increasing

222
Q

social media and technology with aging

A

-ageist messages on SM associated with negative health outcomes including poorer mental health
-increasing # of older adults using social media

223
Q

barriers to social media and aging

A

-lack of instruction/knowledge
-confidence
-financial
-health abilities
-trust

224
Q

older population on social media are motivated by

A

-social support
-enjoyment and fun
-personal empowerment
-advocacy
-bridging generational gaps

225
Q

intergrnerational programs benefits

A

support social health and combat ageism

226
Q

Healthy aging definition WHO

A

continuous process of
optimizing opportunities to maintain and improve physical and
mental health, independence, and quality of life throughout the
life course

Year 3 (7 decks)

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