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Year 3 > KNPE 335 Final > Flashcards

KNPE 335 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Health Inequity

A

unjust or unfair differences between persons, often rooted in social, economic, environmental or systemic conditions that disadvantage certain groups

*preventable

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2
Q

examples of inequity

A

more infant mortality in lower income places, access to healthcare, race, gender etc

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3
Q

Health Inequaltiy

A

observable or measurable health differences in health status or outcomes among different population groups

*differences quantifiable
*natural result of diverse pop

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4
Q

examples of inequality

A

varying life expectancy, mortality rates, older adults are more susceptible to chronic illness

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5
Q

Diversity with aging

A

as people age, experiences of health, support andn well being vary based on social det. of health which can lead to inequalities naturally

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6
Q

Health inequality in aging

A

measurable differences in health outcomes among older adults

-often result from many factors

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7
Q

Health inequity in aging

A

often stem from lifelong disadvantages such as poverty, racism, limited access to healthcare, affecting adults late life

*preventable, reflects social injustice
ex. rich ppl get better healthcare

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8
Q

links with health outcomes

A

-physical and mental inequities
-socio-economic factors
-poverty and disadvantage

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9
Q

inequities and inequalities relates to survival from various health conditions are closely linked to

A

age, sex, ethnicity

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10
Q

risk factors for senior risk of isolation, health inequality & inequity

A

-age and gender
-ethnicity
-social relationships
-poverty/lack of resources
-sexual & gender identity
-geography
-life transitions
-health&disability
-knowledge & awareness

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11
Q

opposite of a risk factor

A

in some cases the opposite of a risk factor is a protective factor

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12
Q

Indigenous peoples in canada

A

-were in good health prior to colonization
-included nutritious diets, rich and diverse healing systems and active lifestyles

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13
Q

how did contact with european settlers greatly affect health outcomes and continues to affect their health

A

-poorer health outcomes
-suffer from more chronic illnesses and disabilities (heart disease and diabetes)

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14
Q

direct causes of poor health outcomes for indigenous people living in canada

A

embedded racism & loss of support system

*type 2 diabetes continues to be 5 times more common against indigenous due to historical trauma and land dispossession

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15
Q

example of systemic discrimination

A

residential school system; loss of cultural identity is a loss of health

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16
Q

which entho-racial groups have higher risks of developing dementia

A

Black, hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

*differences persist despite similar rates of cognitive decline

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17
Q

risk and expression of dementia are influenced by

A

social determinants, discrimination and access to healthcare

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18
Q

disparities in dementia care

A

access, diagnosis and outcomes

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19
Q

influential factors of disparities of dementia:

A

socioeconomic status, cultural diversity and geographical location

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20
Q

how are 12 risk factors of dementia influenced by inequities

A

lower income ad minorities face more barriers to managing risk

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21
Q

Prescription drug access

A

-insurance generally does not cover this
-people w private insurance plans have better access
-many older adults, indigenous and immigrants struggle to afford meds leading to poor adherance and health outcomes

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22
Q

Oral health inequities

A

-affect older adult
-often based on income and private benefits not provincial plans

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23
Q

why do many older adults avoid dental care

A

high costs

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24
Q

how does poor oral health impact overall health for older adults

A

-lost/broken teeth affect nutritional status = additional health complications
-stigma around poor oral appearance can affect mental health leading to social isolation

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25
Q

older adults who are caregivers

A

-face additional inequalities
-increase burden, depression, stress, financial problems, poor health, loneliness & social isolation

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26
Q

spousal caregivers

A

-at greater risk of experincing loneliness and decreased social support

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27
Q

proportion of seniors who are also caregivers

A

almost 1/4 aged 65 and older

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28
Q

female caregiver inequity rates

A

female caregivers tend to feel more inequities than male counterparts

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29
Q

Caregiver interventions that are proven to reduce inequalities and inequities

A

-physical and financial support through informal assiatance
-respite services
-home care or related services
-income and tax relief programs
-education and skills training
-psychological support
-interavtive online activities and groups

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30
Q

population of older adults that are immigrants

A

3.3%

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31
Q

Older adult immigrants in canada

A

-immigrant older adults are significantly lonelier
-lower prevalence of successful aging

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32
Q

Healthy immigrant effect

A

immigrants are generally healthier than domestic-born Canadians when they first arrive

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33
Q

Hypothesis explaining healthy immigrant effect

A

only people who are healthy migrate

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34
Q

Inclusive healthy aging interventions for immigrant older adults in canada

A

-additonal data collection research on immigrant older adults

-culturally and linguistically appropriate programs and services

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35
Q

Older adults in rural/remote areas

A

-increased risk of social isolation, smaller support networks, greater loneliness and lower utilization rates of health and social services
-increased risk of morbidity, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, COVID and excess mortality

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36
Q

what percent of seniors live in rural areas

A

23%

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37
Q

what are rural populations considered

A

a health disparity group in part because these populations have higher rates of mental illness, chronic disease & worse general health

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38
Q

strageties for improving healthy aging in rural areas

A

-Reducing
-joining
-developing
-improving
-stimulating

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39
Q

Strageties for improving HA in rural areas: Reducing

A

reduce health inequalities by providing older people with better access to healthcare services (more centers/programs)

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40
Q

Strageties for improving HA in rural areas: Joining

A

joining transport, housing, healthcare services to improve cost-effective service provision and access to services (all services in one area)

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41
Q

Strageties for improving HA in rural areas: developing

A

-cost effective transportation solutions to afford accessability and better social integration

-developing volunteer/community based initiatives to improve social integration of older adults in rural/remote areas

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42
Q

Strageties for improving HA in rural areas: Stimulating

A

bottom up socal enterprises and collaborative ventures to improve economic diversity of rural areas to encourage FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

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43
Q

Low income older adults

A

-one of most financially vulnerable canadian populations (esp people who live alone)
-increased risk of loneliness, social isolation, poor health outcomes, lower QoL and premature mortality

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44
Q

rate of older canadians living in low income has increased from

A

12.1% to 14.1% in 2016

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45
Q

Higher income older adults

A

experience more years of good health and better QoL

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46
Q

Programs and Services to help low-income older adults

A
  1. Income assistance
  2. Provincal and teritorial programs
  3. Residental rehabilitation assistance program (RRAP)
  4. Avance life deferred annuities (ALDAs)
  5. Variable life payment annuities (VPLAs)
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47
Q

Healthcare professionals - increasing cultural competence in HA

A

Awareness, Knowledge and skills (learn about their own personal biases and prejudices)

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48
Q

4 characteristics of aiming for culturally sensitive healthcare

A
  1. Under-served needs
  2. Cultural targeting (not one size fits all)
  3. Patient care/ health literacy (patients have a voice)
  4. Cultural Competence
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49
Q

cultural competence in healthcare

A

culturally sensitive care is essential to address diverse needs and promote healthy aging among all older adults

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50
Q

Low income impact

A

financial vulnerability among older adults leads to worse health outcomes and lower QoL

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51
Q

most tolerated form of social discriminationin canada

A

ageism

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52
Q

what percent of canadians would treat someone differently because of their age

A

35

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53
Q

unfamilliar negative expectations of old age

A

-twilight years
-golden years
-autonomy
-smelly

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54
Q

age related stereotype

A

cognitive structures embedding beliefs and expectations that people hold about different age stages

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55
Q

stereotypes of aging include

A

assumptions and generalizations about how people at or over a certain age should behave

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56
Q

2 types of stereotypes

A
  1. Explicit attitudes
  2. Implicit Priming
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57
Q

Explicit attitudes

A

-previously learned info’
- What people consciously endorse or believe
-direct and deliberate
-can be adknowledged

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58
Q

Implicit Priming

A

-associations that are outside of the conscious awareness
-unconscious and effortless
-indirect and automatic
-involuntarily active

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59
Q

stereotype content model

A

-2002
-all group stereotypes and interpersonal impressions form along two dimensions: warmth and competence

60
Q

warmth dimension SCM

A

based on notion that people are evolutionarily predisposed to first assess a strangers intent to either harm or help them

61
Q

competence dimension (SCM)

A

judge capacity to act on percieved intention

62
Q

Low Competence, High Warmth

A

Paternalistic Prejudice

low status, not competitive pity, sympathy

ex. elderly, disabled, housewives

63
Q

HIgh Competence, Low Warmth

A

Admiration

high status, not competitive pride, admiration

ex. in group close allies

64
Q

Low Competence, Low Warmth

A

Contemptous prejudice

low status, competitive contempt, disgust, anger, resentment

65
Q

High Competence Low warmth

A

Envious prejudice

high status, competitive envy, jealous

eg, asians, jews, rich ppl, feminists

66
Q

Stone & Baker 2017

A

-self-efficacy and biomechanics related to stair navigation in older adults
-primed older adults can navigate stairs with more confidence and efficency

67
Q

Barber et al., 2020

A

-stereotype threat can impair older adults physical performance
-dependent on tasks objective difficulty an participants subjective evaluations of their own resources

68
Q

what categories did older adults claim to be thriving more compared to younger persons

A

-social
-financial
-community
-physical

69
Q

What is ageism

A

how we think (stereotypes, feel (prejudice) and act (discrimination) towards others or ourselves based on age

70
Q

Everyday ageism

A

occurs in day-to-day lives through interpersonal interactions and exposure to ageist beliefs, assumptions and stereotypes

71
Q

percentages of everyday ageism

A

82% experience one or more forms everyday

65% exposure to ageist messages

45% ageism in interpersonal interactions

36% internalized ageism

72
Q

3 types of ageism

A

cognitive (stereotypes)

Emotional (prejudice)

Behavioural (discrimination)

73
Q

Cogntive ageism

A

how we think about agining and older adults

74
Q

emotional ageism

A

how we feel about getting old

75
Q

behavioural ageism

A

how we act towards getting older

76
Q

Ageism in the workplace

A

can affect financial security and mental health

77
Q

rate of workplace ageism

A

78% of older workers experienced/witnessed age discrimination at work

78
Q

ageism in healthcare

A

prevalent through communication, diagnosis and treatment decisions

79
Q

ageism in the media

A

negative portrayls, underrepresentation, and framing aging as the program

80
Q

ageism in the legal system

A

ageism language, age restrictions and accessability

81
Q

how does ageism shorten older adults lives

A

-poor physical health
-delay in injury or illness recovery
-decreased mental health
-increased social isolation and loneliness
-lower QoL

82
Q

ageist effects on society

A

-shortens lives
-costs society billions of dollars
-causes conflict between generations
-causes loss of productivity in the workplace
-causes elder abuse (directly and indirectly)

83
Q

rates of portrayl of older adults in the media

A

-96% positive portrayl under 50
-72% positive portrayl adults over 50
-15% of images are of 50+

84
Q

disney roles of older characters

A

-39% of older adults had a major role
-80% were male
-many portrayed as neagtive or villanous

85
Q

aging in the beauty industry

A

normative aging is associated with a loss of beauty. there is a direct link between body concerns and ageism

86
Q

Categories of everday ageism (3)

A
  1. Exposure to ageist messages
  2. Ageism in interpersonal interactions
  3. Internalized ageism
87
Q

most popular form of everyday ageism

A

“I see, hear and read jokes about old people, aging etc”

88
Q

age stereotypes affects individuals well being how?

A

via physical and mental health, autonomy & how they see themselves

89
Q

what does cognitive health have to do with ageism

A

those who experience cognitive issues ar emore likely to experience ageism

90
Q

Combatting ageism via policy and law

A

can address discrimination and inequality based on age and protect the human rights of everyone, everywhere

91
Q

how can education combat ageism

A

educational activities can transmit knowledge and skills and enhance empathy of aging process & older adults

**educate on how to include and take care of older adults

92
Q

how can intergeneration combat ageism

A

contribute to mutual understanding of cooperation of different generations

93
Q

how to combat ageism with research

A

-having an undertanding of its impacts tells us how to address it
- investing resources into formaitive, monitoring and evaluation research
-campaigns to foster learning environ.
-findings must me responses to in timely manner

94
Q

how to incorporate campaigns that foster learning environments

A
  1. include research
  2. know when, what and how best to measure
95
Q

3 ways to combat ageism with community work

A
  1. Engage
  2. Involve
  3. Include
96
Q

How to ENGAGE ageism with community work

A

-engage, respond to and incorporate voices of the community
-parcipitory action research

97
Q

how to INVOLVE ageism with community work

A

-involve a range of government structures
-middle-out approach
-work alongside various partners to enable effective use of resources

98
Q

How to INCLUDE ageism in community work

A

-include representatives from affected communities in workshops, marketing and feedback
-create co-researchers

99
Q

intergenerational programming

A

combat ageism, depression, social isolation, and overall improve HA

100
Q

Highest percieved barrier to healthy aging

A

multi-morbidity; therefore aging itself is one of the highest barriers to HA because multi-morbidity increases with age

101
Q

Lowest ranked percieved barriers to healthy aging

A

end of life planning

102
Q

social comparisson theory

A

internal barrier to HA. 2 types of comparisson, upward & downward

103
Q

Upward Comparison

A

comparing yourself to someone “better than you”

leads to self improvement via motivation

104
Q

Downward Comparison

A

comparing yourself to someone who is “worse” than you

leads to increased self esteem and avoiding failure (by avoiding situations where you may fail)

105
Q

comparing social status

A

upward comparisson is more likely; strongest results in improvements in overall health

106
Q

types of barriers to healthy aging

A
  1. Physical
  2. Social
  3. Emotional
  4. Spiritual
  5. Environmental
107
Q

Physcial barriers to healthy aging

A

-exercise
-nutrition
-sleep
-illness/activity

108
Q

a barrier not considered to HA but should be

A

knowledge

109
Q

who is more likely to engage in HA programs and gain more knowledge regarding HA

A

males

110
Q

Physical barriers demographics to HA

A

-age
-advanced age
-gender
-comorbidities
-addiction
-medical events

111
Q

Social Barriers to HA

A

-personal relationships/family
-meaningful activity
-engaging with community
-loneiness/social isolation
-not having children
-illness and disability
-physical/cognitive limitations
-responsibility
-

112
Q

Aging and Driving

A

-changes to vision, reflexes and hearing as you get older impairs ability to drive
-loss of ability to drive decreases autonomy and social connection, increasing isolation
-older people feel like a burden on the road
-

113
Q

Emotional and Spiritual Barriers to HA

A

-self-esteem
-self-knowledge
-coping skills
-nature and meaning of ones life
-religion
-balancing what can and cannot be changed

114
Q

Environmental Barriers

A

-housing
-transportation
-income
-services
safety
-education
-programs available

115
Q

Primary facilitators of healthy aging

A

-healthy diet
-physical activity
-mental well-being
-social support
-preventative health and safety
-acceptance of aging
-multimodal interventions
-economic autonomy

116
Q

Facilitators to healthy aging

A

supportive environments, social support networks, and mental health resources are essential, promotion of positive health behaviours and adaptations can mitigate barriers

117
Q

Health Promotion

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over & improve their health by developing their resources to maintain or enhance well being =. Health promoting is an action for health using knowledge, communication & understanding (WHO)

118
Q

How does health promotion help healthy aging

A

complementing existing health promotion programs to ensure they are adequately meeting the needs of older adults, esp vulnerable populations

119
Q

Healthy aging framework around national prevention strategy

A

-promoting health, preventing injuey & managing chronic conditions

-optimizing cognitive health
-optimizing physical health
-optimizing mental health
-facilitating social engagement

120
Q

Healthy aging framework around national prevention strategy: IDENTIFY

A

what matters most for patient in all aspects of healthy aging and focus

121
Q

Healthy aging framework around national prevention strategy: ENGAGE

A

patient in developing action plan for HA

122
Q

Healthy aging framework around national prevention strategy: Provide

A

patient education, support and resources

123
Q

Healthy aging framework around national prevention strategy: Coach Revise

A

advance directives/care planning

124
Q

Age friendly communities

A

one that responds to both the opporitunities and challenges of an aging population by creating physical and social environments that support independent active living and enable older people to continue contributing to all aspects of community life

125
Q

Safety of Aging in Place

A

-objective is to increase living environments support safe and injury free aging

126
Q

Aging in place smart materials and devices

A

-environemtnal safety monitoring
-printable electronics
-next gen medication adherance
-chronic wound monitoring

127
Q

Aging in place AI assisted decision making

A

-wearable and embedded sensing
-gait assessment and mobility monitoring
-integrated decision support

128
Q

Aging in place standards

A

-objective is to increase Canadian Age Tech adoption through evidencce-based-age-friendly standards and policies

129
Q

AgeTech Adoption

A

-evaluation and adaptation of agetech
-technical inoperability

130
Q

Core strageties for promoting healthy aging

A

-focus on prevention and wellness
-equity and accessibility
-Person-centered approach

131
Q

Focus on prevention and wellness

A

-proactive health screenings
-health education
-vaccine and immunization programs

132
Q

Equity and Accessibility

A

-address rural and low income for older adults
-culturally sensitive care

133
Q

Person-centered approach

A

-personalized health plans
-self-management support
-advance care planning

134
Q

Six Evidence-Based Strageties for Healthy Aging

A

-Physical Activity
-Social/Leisure Activities
-Intellectual Engagement
-Nutrition
-Stress Management
-Sleep

135
Q

Examples of Nondrug prevention and treatment strageties currently under study

A

-blood pressure and control
-diet
-sleep
-hearing
-cognitive training
-social engagement
-PA

136
Q

Highest levels of PA reduce risk of cognitive decline and dementia by what percent

A

20%

137
Q

intersectionality of PA & healthy aging

A

-PA programs + cognitive stimulation = significant improvements in cogntive health and mental well-being

-PA has most positive results on healthy aging i combination with interventions

-reduces anxiety & depression

-Improves sleep

138
Q

Sleep & HA

A

-good nights sleep supports brain health at any age
-not enough sleep can leada to trouble with memory, concentration and other cognitions

139
Q

lack of sleep

A
  1. makes brains emotional center overreact, while reducing control over emotions, increasing the risk of depression, aggression and attention problems
  2. difficulty interpreting emotional signals ad may respond more strongly to negative cues
  3. when sleep deprived people perceive neural things as negative, leading to threat bias in perception
140
Q

intersectionality of social/leisure activities and HA

A

social relationships = maintain and improve cogntitive and mental wellbeing.

141
Q

recent research shows there is a relationship between:

A
  1. Social activity with global cognition, overall executive functioning, working memory, visuospatial abilities and processing speed
  2. Social networks with global cognition
  3. Social support with global cognition and episodic memory
142
Q

Nutrition and HA

A

-reduces risk of cronic disease and improves cognitive and metal health

-some studies show medetteranian diet result in lower dementia

-isolated vitamin deficiencies associated w cognitive disorders

-adequate intake of protein, fiber, vitamin D and omega 3-FA

143
Q

caloric restriction

A

-caloric restriction controversially shown to benefit cognitive aging but NOT reccomendd for older adults

144
Q

Managing Stress

A

-chronic stress and high allostatic load speed up aging and raise the risk of age-related diseases
-managing stress, encouraging healthy behaviours and reducing psychological responses can help lower allostatic load promoting HA

145
Q

Stressor affects

A

percieved stress affects behavioural response and individual differences to both affect physiological response which affects allostatic load

146
Q
A

Year 3 (7 decks)

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