Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OTA 130 - Kinesiology > Knee, Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Knee, Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

MMT for Legs

A

In order to stand/get out of bed (our biggest concern for legs with OT):
• Must have strength of at least 3 (non-negotiable!)
• Planter flexor strength of at least 3
• Hip flexors of at least 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Knee Joint

A

• Largest joint in the body
• Places foot in space
• Uniaxial joint (with slight rotation of femur on tibia)
• Slide and Glide (J shape), Hinge joint
• Femur and Tibia held together by strong interosseous membrane
• ROM:
- Flexion 0˚ to 135˚
- Extension 135˚ to 0˚ (may extend up to 10˚ past 0˚ in hyperextension)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Bones of the Knee

A

1) Femur
2) Patella
3) Tibia
4) Fibula* (debatable: doesn’t actually touch femur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Patella

A

Sesmoid bone that acts as a pulley in the front of the knee joint. Increases mechanical advantage of quads and aids in strength of contraction.
It is debated whether the patella is embedded in/connects by ligament or tendon, but we are going to use Patellar Tendon!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Q Angle

A

(PTs use this term, so we may hear it in field.)
• Angle formed by line drawn from ASIS to central patella, then central patella to tibial tubercle. Angle is increased by knock knees, etc.
• Angle greated in females.
• Ranges from 13˚ (males) to 18˚ (females)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nerves of the Knee (What injuries affect)

A

• Femoral Nerve (L2-L4); extension of quads
• Sciatic Nerve (L5-S2); flexion of hamstrings
(Note: exception of short head of biceps femoris innervates by peroneal nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ligaments of Knee

A

• Cruciates (resemble cross)

  • Located within joint capsule
  • Provides stability in the sagittal plane
  • Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
  • Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

• Collateral Ligaments (frontal plane stability)

  • Tight during extension, slack on flexion
  • Medial (MCL)
  • Lateral (LCL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PCL

A

Posterior Cruciate Ligament
• Runs from posterior tibia to anterior femur
• Keeps femur from being displaced anteriorly on tibia
• Tightens during flexion
• Less likely to be injured than ACL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ACL

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament
• Runs from anterior tibia to posterior femur
• Keeps femur from being displaced posteriorly on tibia, conversely prevents tibia from anterior displacement
• Tightens during extension
• Prevents hyperextension of knee
• If knee partially flexed, prevents tibia from moving anteriorly
** “Sliding Drawer” test used to check for ACL injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meniscus

A
  • Medial and lateral half-moon shaped fibrocartilage disks located on superior surface of tibia
  • Actually ligaments
  • Designed to absorb shock
  • Medial meniscus more commonly torn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bursa

A
  • Synovial fluid sacs
  • Multiple bursa located in knee joint to help reduce friction along bones, tendons, muscles
  • Can become inflamed (bursitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Popliteal Space

A

• Area behind knee that contains blood vessels (popliteal artery) and nerves (tibial, common peroneal)
• More protected area than front of knee
** Watch this space that pts don’t sit, etc., in a way that occludes the vessels/nerves!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“Genu” Pathologies of Knee

A

Genu VALGUM: knock knees
Genu VARUM: bow legs
Genu RECURVATUM: hyperextension (may have had polio)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chondromalacia Patella

A

Softening/degeneration of cartilage in posterior aspect of patella, causing anterior knee pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prepatellar Bursitis

A

Occurs with constant pressure between skin and patella (frequently happens with kneelers—nuns, mechanics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

A

Used to be called “fake” pain. Causes unknown; diffuse anterior knee pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Jumper’s Knee (Patellar Tendonitis)

A

Tenderness at patellar tendon from overstress (ie: jumping)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Unholy Triad

A

Knee injury to ACL, MCL and Medial Meniscus. Often caused by lateral blow to the knee.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Muscles of Knee

A 
Anterior (knee extension):
• Rectus Femoris
• Vastus Lateralis
• Vastus Medialis
• Vastus Intermedialis
Posterior (knee flexion):
• Semimembranosus
• Semitendinosus
• Biceps Femoris
• Popliteus
• Gastrocnemius

Spanning Knee (stability):
• Gracilis
• Sartorius
• Tensor Faschiae Latae

20
Q

Tarsal Bones of the Foot

A 
7 Tarsal Bones (nearest to ankle):
• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Cuboid
• Navicular* (fallen arches)
• 1st Cuneiform (medial)
• 2nd Cuneiform (intermediate)
• 3rd Cuneiform (lateral)
21
Q

Metatarsal Bones of the Foot

A

5 Metatarsals (middle bones):
• Numbered medial to lateral
• 1st and 5th are weight bearing

22
Q

Phalanges of Foot

A

14 Phalanges (toe bones):
• Hallux (great toe) has 2 phalanges
• All others have 3

23
Q

Hallux

A

Great (big) toe. Contains 2 phalanges.

24
Q

Main Functions of Ankle and Foot

A

1) Shock absorber as heel strikes ground at beginning of stance phase/gait
2) Adapts to level of ground
3) Stable base from which to propel body forward

25
Q

Ankle Motions

A
  • Plantar Flexion (foot moves downward)
  • Dorsiflexion (foot moves upward)
  • Inversion (foot turns inward)
  • Eversion (foot turns outward)
  • Supination (combo of plantar flexion, inversion, aDduction)
  • Pronation (combo of dorsiflexion, eversion, aBduction)
26
Q

Ankle Joint

A
  • Uniaxial Joint
  • Contains distal tibia, lateral malleolus of fibula, and talus
  • Close Packed position is in maximum dorsiflexion
Typical ROM (measured from 90˚ neutral start):
• 30 to 50˚ plantar flexion
• 20˚ dorsiflexion
27
Q

Foot Joints

A

Metatarsophalangeal (MTP):
• Allow flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction/adduction
• 1st MTP is most mobile; allows 45˚ hyperextension—very important during toe-off phase of gait

28
Q

Shin Splints

A

Exercise induced pain along medial edge of tibia, inflammation of periosteum. Tx: get better shoes!

29
Q

Hallux Rigidus

A

Degenerative condition of MTP of great toe, causing pain/decreased ROM. Tx: get a “rocker” for feet.

30
Q

Pes Cavus vs. Pes Planus

A

Pes CAVUS = abnormally high arch (caused by nerve damage to lower leg)

Pes PLANUS = loss of medial longitudinal arch (flat feet); can happen with children with low tone. Tx: use brace (DAFO) for stability.

**Both of these can cause knee problems.

31
Q

Hallux Valgus

A

Great toe develops a valgus deformity (bunion). From walking on balls of feet (cowboy boots often a cause).

32
Q

Pathologies of Atypically Shaped Toes

A

Hammertoe: PIP flexed, DIP extended

Claw Toe: PIP and DIP flexed

Mallet Toe: PIP extended, DIP flexed

**All caused by nerve injuries or too-small shoes.

33
Q

PIP vs DIP

A

Joints of toes:

PIP: proximal interphalangeal joint (mid toe)

DIP: distal interphalangeal joint (tip of toe)

34
Q

Turf Toe

A

Forced hyperextension of great toe at MTP joint

35
Q

Plantar Fasciitis

A

Common overuse injury resulting in pain in arch/heel.

36
Q

Heel Spurs

A

Boney overgrowth in heel.

37
Q

Achilles Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of gastrocnemius-soleus tendon

38
Q

Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic

A

Extrinsic: Muscle extends beyond where movement occurs. (ie: wrist/foot flexors)

Intrinsic: Muscle located within area of movement (ie: plantar foot muscles)

39
Q

Superficial Posterior Group of Extrinsic Muscles of Ankle/Foot

A

(plantarflexion)

  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantaris
40
Q

Deep Posterior Group of Extrinsic Muscles of Ankle/Foot

A

(plantarflexion/inversion)

  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Flexor hallucis longus
41
Q

Anterior Group of Extrinsic Muscles of Ankle/Foot

A

(dorsiflexion/inversion)

  • Tibialis anterior (hurts when wearing flips!)
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
42
Q

Lateral Group of Extrinsic Muscles of Ankle/Foot

A

(plantar flexion/eversion)

  • Peroneus longus
  • Peroneus brevis
43
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of Ankle/Foot

A

• Dorsal Surface

  • Extensor digitorum brevis
  • Extensor hallucis brevis

• Plantar Surface

  • Abductor hallucis
  • Flexor digitorum brevis
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Quadratus plantae
  • Lumbricles
  • Flexor hallucis brevis
  • Flexor digiti minimi
44
Q

Foot/Ankle Muscle Innervations

A
  • Tibial Nerve (posterior leg/plantar)
  • Superficial Peroneal Nerve (laterals)
  • Deep Peroneal Nerve (anteriors)
  • Medial Plantar Nerve (intrinsic medials)
  • Lateral Plantar Nerve (intrinsic laterals)
45
Q

Keeps femur from being displaced posteriorly on tibia.

A

ACL

OTA 130 - Kinesiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions