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OTA 130 - Kinesiology > Head, Neck and Trunk > Flashcards

Head, Neck and Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

Head and Neck Muscles’ Motion

A 
Head and neck muscles allow for motion in all three planes. Motions are:
• Flexion (sagittal)
• Extension (sagittal)
• Lateral Flexion (frontal)
• Rotation (transverse)
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2
Q

Bones of the Neck

A
  • 7 Cervical Vertebrae (C1–T1)
  • C1 = Atlas
  • C2 = Axis
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3
Q

Atlas vs. Axis

A

Two top-most vertebrae of neck. C1 and C2. Different from other vertebrae as they have no body and no disk between.

ATLAS: C1; articulates with occipital process of skull for flexion/extension (“YES”)

AXIS: C2; articulates with Atlas for rotation motion (“NO”)

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4
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

C1-C7
• Bear less weight than thoracic/lumbar
• More mobile; ½ of cervical rotation occurs at C1-C2
• C1 has extra space for spinal cord
• Body (wider, interior flat bone area) smaller than lower vertebrae

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5
Q

Vertebral Design

A

All vertebrae have similar structural design, but regional variation in size/configuration.
• Increase in size from Cervical to Lumbar, then decrease in size from Sacral to Coccygeal
• TRABECULAR SYSTEM: made of system of vertical, horizontal and oblique fibers that correspond to stress placed on body; pattern determines “hardness” of that area of vertebra

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6
Q

Intervertebral Disks

A

Round, fibrous gel-like disks located between the vertebrae (all but C1-C2).
• Shock absorbers and increase flexibility/mobility of spine
• ~25% of vertebral column height
• 3-9mm thick
• 2 parts: Nucleus Pulposus (gel center) and Annulus Fibrosis (outer fibers)
• Wedge-shaped to contribute to spinal curves in cervical and thoracic regions
• Nutrition occurs through osmosis, not directly (poor blood supply/slow healing)
• Herniation occurs when compressed (HNP=herniated nucleus pulposus)
• Degeneration begins ~age 20; gradual loss of water in nucleus; progressive fibrosis (hardening)

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7
Q

Number of muscles in head and face

A

Over 50 muscles are in the head and face. They are more than 1/5 of total muscles in body.

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8
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Nerves C5 to T1; nerves for arms
• Provides neuromuscular protection and redundancy (if one nerve is damaged, another might take its place)
• Peripheral nerves of UE originate from brachial plexus
• System of trunks, divisions and cords which terminate in individual nerves (terminal branches)
• Originates in ventral rami of lower cervical spine (C5-T1)
• Mixed nerves that carry both sensory/motor

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9
Q

Ramus vs. Trunk

A

In Brachial Plexus, RAMUS is where nerve exits the spinal cord, and multiple rami come together to form 3 TRUNKS:
• Superior (C5 and C6)
• Middle (C7)
• Inferior (C8 and T2)

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10
Q

Trunk vs. Division

A

In Brachial Plexus, TRUNK is where rami come together. Trunk then branches into 3 DIVISIONS:
• Anterior (middle and superior trunks)
• Posterior (superior, middle and inferior)
• Inferior (inferior trunk)

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11
Q

Division vs. Cord vs. Terminal Branch

A

In Brachial Plexus, the DIVISIONS end in 3 different CORDS, which provide pathways for the terminal branches laterally, posteriorly and medially along arm. TERMINAL BRANCHES:
• Posterior Cord (branches to thoracodorsal, radial, axillary, subscapular)
• Lateral Cord (to lateral pectoral, musculocutaneous)
• Medial Cord (to medial pectoral, ulnar)
** Lateral cord joins with medial cord to form median nerve

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12
Q

Brachial Plexus Injuries

A
  • Can have brachial plex injuries and be otherwise healthy.
  • Only affects one arm (not like spinal cord injury SCI)
  • Unless disabled by pain, remain active and can carry out ADLs one-handed
  • May prefer to use sound limb and remain one-handed
  • May lose sensory feedback from skin, muscles and joints; may need to be aware of insensate skin!
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13
Q

Muscle Contracture

A

When nerve injury causes muscle to get “stuck.” Ex: if wrist extensors are gone, you can flex but can’t go back (stays flexed).

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14
Q

Neurologic Impairment with loss of C5-6 (top of brachial plexus)

A
  • Motor Deficit: shoulder abd and flexion; elbow flexion; wrist extension
  • Sensory Loss: lateral arm, forearm, thumb/index fingers
  • Functional Need: support shoulder; prevent subluxation; flex elbow
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15
Q

Order of nerve breakdown in brachial plexus (proximal to distal)

A

Ramus > Trunk > Division > Cord > Terminal Branch

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16
Q

Neurologic Impairment with loss of C6-7 (mid brachial plexus)

A
  • Motor Deficit: shoulder abd and flexion; elbow flexion; wrist extension (same as C5), but also add elbow/wrist/finger extension weakness
  • Sensory Loss: lateral arm, forearm, thumb/index fingers (same as C5), but also add middle finger
  • Functional Need: support shoulder; prevent subluxation; flex elbow (same as C5), but also add support for wrist/finger/thumb extension
17
Q

Neurologic Impairment with loss of C8-T1 (lower brachial plexus)

A
  • Motor Deficit: Wrist/finger/thumb flexors; finger/thumb extensors
  • Sensory Loss: Little/ring fingers; medial forearm
  • Functional Need: Wrist stabilization; finger flex/extend; intrinsic function
18
Q

Neurologic Impairment with loss of C5-T1 (all of brachial plexus)

A
  • Motor Deficit: “flail arm”; no muscle control (+/- scapula)
  • Sensory Loss: total forearm; lateral arm; entire hand
  • Functional Need: Support and protect limb (wear a sling)
19
Q

ROM for Head and Neck

A 
• Difficult to measure, as there are few bony landmarks and soft tissue overlying.
Normal ROMs:
• Capital Extension: 0-25˚
• Capital Flexion: 0-15˚
• Cervical Extension: 0- <30˚
• Cervical Flexion: 0-45˚
• Capital + Cervical Extension: 0-45˚

**NOTE: OTA domain does not include MMT for head/neck so we don’t need to know this.

20
Q

Movements of Lower Back

A

Moves in three planes:
• Flexion/Extension (sagittal)
• Lateral Flexion/Bending and Reduction/Return (frontal)
• Rotation (transverse)

21
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Bones of upper/mid back. T1-T12.
• Each articulates with a pair of ribs
• Less flexible and more stable than cervical
• Rotation-free in upper area, and decreases caudally

22
Q

Curves of Spine

A
  • Cervical Curve (lordotic)
  • Thoracic Curve (kyphotic)
  • Lumbar Curve (lordotic)
  • Pelvic Curve (kyphotic)
23
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Largest vertebrae of lower back.
• Holds the most weight above
• L5 is a transitional segment; body is wedge-shaped to connect with sacrum
• L5 creates biggest curve/can cause spondylosis if out of place
• L4-L5 are usually where injury occurs

24
Q

Sacrum

A

Five fused vertebrae below lumbar spine.
• Sacroiliac Joints: support HAT (head, arms, trunk); smooth motion in all directions in childhood, decreased motion later as surfaces change. Supported by 4 groups of ligaments.

25
Q

ROM of Trunk

A
  • Thoracic Spine Extension: 0˚
  • Lumbar Spine Extension: 0˚ to 25˚
  • Trunk Flexion: 0˚ to 80˚
  • Trunk Rotation: 0˚ to 45˚
26
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

• Joins lower skeleton to upper body via the lumbrosacral joint.
• Movements include:
- Anterior tilt (ASIS anterior to pubic symphysis/inferior to PSIS; swayback)
- Posterior tilt (ASIS posterior to pubic symphysis/superior to PSIS; butt tuck)
- Lateral tilt (Iliac crest moves superior/inferior relative to contralateral side; one side rises)

27
Q

ASIS vs. PSIS

A

ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine (top front points of pelvis)

PSIS = posterior superior iliac spine (top back points of pelvis)

28
Q

HAT

A

Head, Arms, Trunk

29
Q

Neutral Pelvic Tilt when Seated

A
  • Pelvis midway between anterior/posterior tilt
  • Equal weight on both femurs
  • Erect spine/normal lordosis
  • Head aligned over hips
30
Q

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

A

When pelvis dips/tilts forward, lifting the buttocks upward.

31
Q

Muscle(s) causing hip flexion

A

Iliopsoas group: Psoas Major and Iliacus

32
Q

Posture of elderly individuals

A

Postures become similar to a child: wide base of support, flexed knees and hips, flattened lumbar spine, and increased thoracic kyphosis.

33
Q

Number of cervical vertebra and cervical nerves:

A

7 Cervical Vertebra

8 Cervical Nerves (one above the Atlas)

34
Q

Main Nerves of the Brachial Plexus

A

5 Terminal BRANCHES (5 Main Nerves):

1) Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5, C6, C7)- Elbow flexors
2) Axillary Nerve (C5, C6) – Teres minor and Delts (Shoulder)
3) Radial Nerve (C5-T1) – Extensors: Triceps, extrinsic wrist/hand extensors
4) Median Nerve (C6-T1) – Forearm, thenar, lateral lumbricals
5) Ulnar Nerve (C8, T1) – Hand except thenar and lateral lumbricals

OTA 130 - Kinesiology (15 decks)

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