KK4 - Non-state actors

Question 1

Non-state actors

Answer 1

-Can be any organisation that has significant political influence without being associates with only one state
-In this way, the non-state actors are able to transcend state boundaries
Most non-state actors seek some sort of political change or pursue political objectives that differ from those of state governments.

Question 2

Two types of Non-state actors

Answer 2

-Legal organisations (e.g., organised religions, non-government organisations)
-Global terrorist organisations (e.g., ISIS, boko Haram)

Question 3

Note

Answer 3

Globalisation (technology, advancement in communications) has allowed for non-state actors to influence

Question 4

Legal organisation: Amnesty International

Answer 4

-Has grown to have a network of 10 million people operating across 150 states and other territories
-They are funded mostly through donations

Question 5

Amnesty Aim

Answer 5

To protect and defend human rights for everyone everywhere (e.g., refugee rights, ending the death penalty, women’s rights)

Question 6

Amnesty Roles

Answer 6

1. Investigate and expose human rights abuses (known for publishing reports regarding human rights issues)
2. Lobby governments to keep their promises and respect international law
3. Educate and train people to claim their own human rights
4. Mobilise supporters to campaign for change and defend activists on the front line (e.g., boycotts, petitions)

Question 7

Amnesty fulfilling its roles: Shell & Nigeria -Climate Justice

Answer 7

In 2014, an Amnesty internationals campaign was successful in committing Royal Dutch Shell to pay $84 million in compensation for an oil spill in Nigeria in 2008.
-This shows that Amnesty International does not just target governments, but also target businesses and TNCs

Question 8

Terrorist organisation: Boko Haram

Answer 8

-Formed as a non-violent religious movement in 2002 (Mohammed Yusuf)
-Objectives quickly evolved, into a group that looked to criticise and overhaul the Nigerian government’s leadership
-Operate predominantly in the Borno state, in Nigeria’s North-East
-However, they also operate in Chad, Niger and Cameroon (Lake Chad Basin)
-Boko Haram has killed over 350,000 people since 2009, and is responsible for displacing an estimated 3 million people across the Lake Chad Basin

Question 9

Aims of Boko Haram

Answer 9

-Boko Haram’s primary objective is the establishment of an Islamic State under Shariah law in Nigeria
-the group seeks to make any political or social activity associated with Western society forbidden (“haram”)
-This would mean no voting in educations, no secular education, no visible signs of western society (i.e., clothing)

-Its secondary objective is the wider imposition of Islamic rule beyond Nigeria
-Demonstrated through expansion into neighbouring states

Question 10

Roles of Boko Haram

Answer 10

-Directly or indirectly engaged in preparing, planning, assisting in or fostering the doing of terrorist act
-Advocating the doing of terrorist attacks

Question 11

Boko haram role: advocating for terrorist attacks case study

Answer 11

-Abubakar Shekau called for all Muslims to wage jihad and fight until the death “until Islam is the only religion”

Question 12

Boko Haram role: engaging in terrorist attacks example

Answer 12

-1 may 2018
-At least 86 people killed in two suicide bombings in Mubi, Nigeria