Kirn - Gram Negative Rods Flashcards

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1
Q

What do HOK stand for and what are they used for?

A

H-flagella
O-LPS
K-Kapsule

Used for stereotyping to describe the different characteristics of the bacteria

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2
Q

What is the name and difference between the three types of intestinal infections?

A

1) non inflammatory - bacteria in lumen
2) inflammatory - bacteria invade wall
3) penetrating - bacteria beyond wall

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3
Q

What kind of culture do u use to cholera

A

TCBS - stool sample will show up as green/yellow

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4
Q

Mechanism of action of cholera vibrio

A

A unit adds ADP-ribose group to Gs to permenantly activate it
Gs stimulates adenylyl Cyclase
This causes high levels of cAMP
CFtR pumps a lot of chlorine out of cell into lumen
This causes osmotic inflow of water

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5
Q

ETEC

A

Common cause of travelers diarrhea.
Two exotoxins - acid labile and acid stable

Acid labile - like cholera, causes increased cAMP
Acid stable - causes increased cGMP
“eL Agua del San Gabriel”

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6
Q

EPEC

A

Type III secretion
- causes brush border to disappear in intestine and pedestals to form via that whole mechanism in the video

  • Basically the bacteria comes down and the brush border just dissapears to make way for landing. The pili attach to the epithelial lining allowing for a smooth landing. A tube like structure comes down and spits proteins into the epithelium which then come back up and live in the epithelial lining. They built actin filaments that become very long and push up on the epithelial lining. The original microbe then has these pedestals that cup the top of the proteins and pull it up.
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7
Q

Shigella

A

Painful, bloody, low volume stools with WBC and mucus
- transocytosis by M cells –> invade enterocytes via type III system —> lyses phagocytic vacuole so that the enter cytosol –> actin polymerization causes actin tail to form that pushes bacteria through palmsa membrane into adjacent tails

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8
Q

Shiga toxin

A

A subunit cleaves RNA of large ribosomal subunit causing the ribosome to be inactive
- causes hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)- micro vascular damage in the kidneys that cause red cell lysis

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9
Q

EHEC

A
Shiga like toxin
Causes HUS
Causes bloody diarrhea 
Predominant serotype is O157:H7
Sorbitol it from undercooked meat
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10
Q

Non-typhoidal salmonella

A

Get it from meat and eggs
Can get it from pet reptiles
Causes gastroenteritis
Exit M cells and invade enterocytes to multiply locally
Induce apoptosis via type III system
Non bloody diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting

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11
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Association with guillan barre
Gullwing morphology
Transmitted from chicken

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12
Q

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)

A

Causes peptic ulcers
Resides below mucus layer of stomach
Has urease which converts urea to ammonia
Diagnosis: gastric biopsy, breath test with labeled carbon to test for ammonia, stool antigen assay

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13
Q

Typhoidal salmonella

A

Has capsule
Penetrate intestine via m cells
May be cultured from bone marrow
Can establish chronic state in gall bladder

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14
Q

P-fimbrae

A

Allows E. coli to adhere to bladder epithelium

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15
Q

Additional things that E. coli causes

A

K1 causes neonatal meningitis

S fimbrae adheres to endothelium and choroid plexus

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16
Q

What are the common nosocomial infections?

A

Enterobacter

Klebsiella

Serratia

“Sloan Kettering entrance”

17
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Chocolate agar
- with NAD and hemin

Common in upper respiratory

Virulence factor - Type b capsule, IgA capsule, iron acquisition mechanisms

Causes otitis media, epiglottitis, pneumonia, meningitis, septic arthritis

18
Q

Hib vaccine

A

Vaccine for haemophilus influenza that is given to all kids at 2 months of age.

19
Q

Treatment for haemophilus influenzae

A

Ceftriaxone or other 3rd gen cephalosporins

20
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi

A

School of fish gram stain morphology

Chancroid - genital infection that spreads to the lymph node

21
Q

Bordatella pertussis

A

Small colonies in blood agar
Usually use NAAT for diagnosis
Small colonies on blood agar
Causes whooping cough
Long lasting disease
Virulence factors - filamentous hemagglutinin (binds integrins on ciliated epithelial cells), fimbrae phase variation, BrkA protein (causes complement resistance). Tracheal toxin, adenylate Cyclase toxin, pertussis toxin.
Prevention - DTaP vaccine ( diphtheria, pertussis, acellular pertussis)

22
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Respiratory infection usually coming from aerosol for a bad water supply.
Pontiac fever is milder form
Needs BCYE agar with iron and cysteine, highly fastidious
Usually use Urine Ag test to detect

23
Q

Brucella

A

From livestock and dairy

Systemic febrile illness

24
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A

Normal oral flora of domestic animals such as cats and dogs.

  • causes snuffles in rabbits
  • infections associated with animal bites
  • causes soft tissue Infection
25
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

Transmission from wild animals, usually rabbits.
- low infectious dose so a irks to la workers

Causes:
ulceroglandular - ulcer at inoculation site, lymphadenopathy
Oculoglandular - eye is site of inoculation, lymphadenopathy
Oral or pharyngeal - contaiminated food/water
Respiratory infection - aerosol transmission

26
Q

Yersinia Pestis

A

Cause of bubonic plague
Transmitted from rodents to humans by flee bite
Prairie dog
Flee bites sick animal and then the blood clots in its stomach. Upon biting a human the flea regurgitates the blood into us.
Causes bubous, enlarged lymph nodes.
Bipolar staining that looks like a safety-pin using Wayson stain
Can get into lungs and cause “pneumonic plague” which can lead to human to human transmission.
Has a capsule

27
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
Present in soil, water, vegetation
Forms biofilms
Siderosphores Smell like grapes/OJ
- community acquired infection
- hot tub folliculitis
- otitis externa
- more common in burn victims and incubated patients 
- in CF patients you will see chronic respiratory infection
28
Q

What does P. Auruginosa look like when plated?

A

Produces greenish pigment that looks slimy due to the presence of an extracellular polysaccharide capsule.