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Biomechanics > Kiniseiology > Flashcards

Kiniseiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A

Stores and releases minerals and fat
RBC production
Protection
Supports body
Facilitate movement

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2
Q

Name types of bones and give examples of each type

A

Flat bone - sternum
Long bone - femur
Sesamoid bone - patella
Irregular bone - vertebra
Short bone - cuneiform (lateral, intermediate or medial)

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3
Q

Name the two girdles

A

Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

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4
Q

Name the three types of joint

A

Fixed
Slightly moveable
Synovial

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5
Q

6 joint classifications with examples

A

Enarthrodial (ball and socket) - hip
Ginglymus (hinge) - elbow
Sellar (saddle) - thumb
Trochodial (pivot) - radioulnar
Arthrodial (gliding) - intercarpal
Condylodial (ellipsoid) - wrist

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6
Q

Describe ligaments and tendons

A

Ligaments are tough bands of connective tissue connecting muscle to bone, typically attaching at joints.

Tendons Strong fibrous bands of connective tissue, holds bone to bone.

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7
Q

Describe a fracture

A

Cracking, snapping and deformity at the bone, may be swollen or tender, verified with x-Ray

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8
Q

4 main fracture types

A

Closed - break goes along bone but still intact
Open - bone is clean snapped off and may be poking skin
Comminuted - broken in more than one place
Green stick - not fully broken

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9
Q

Describe Osteoarthritis

A

Consequence of ageing or an injury

Produced bone growth which prevents movement, muscle weakness and poor proprioception

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10
Q

Describe rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disorder, attacked cartilage causes pain and swelling and it can fuse a joint together

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11
Q

Describe osteoporosis

A

Bone mass decreases, prone to fractures, can be caused by ageing or mineral deficiency

Can be reversed by high impact activity like running

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12
Q

4 muscle functions

A

Movement, posture, joint stability and heat production

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13
Q

Describe how muscles create movement

A

Force produced by muscle

Transmitted to skeleton via the tendon

Movement occurs/joint stabilised/posture maintained

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14
Q

What is the point of origin and what is the point of insertion

A

Origin: The tendon attachment nearest to the centre of the body

Insertion: Tendon attachment furthest from the centre of the body

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15
Q

Describe rotational movement

A

Torque = force x perpendicular distance from pivot

More than one force acting, met torque determines movement

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16
Q

What does a longer lever arm do for movement

A

Increase torque
Decrease RoM
Decreases joint angular velocity

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17
Q

Describe concentric, eccentric and isometric contraction

A

Concentric - shortening and under tension
Eccentric - lengthening and under tension
Isometric - staying the same under tension

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18
Q

Describe agonist, antagonist, fixator and synergist

A

Agonist - muscle performing movement
Antagonist - muscle that could oppose agonist
Fixator - stabilises nearby joints
Synergist - assists action of the agonist

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19
Q

Describe each positional descriptor

A

Superior - up
Medial - towards middle
Inferior - bottom
Lateral - away from midline
Distal - further from centre
Proximal - closer to centre
Palmar - palm of hand forwards

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20
Q

Three main planes of body

A

Frontal - front and back
Sagittal - left and right
Transverse - upper and lower

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21
Q

Three main axis of the body

A

Vertical axis
Sagittal axis
Frontal axis

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22
Q

Movements available at the Sagittal plane

A

Flexion and extension

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23
Q

Movements available at the frontal plane

A

Abduction, addiction
Inversion, eversion
Radial deviation, ulnar deviation

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24
Q

Movements available at the transverse plane

A

Rotation
Lateral rotation, medial rotation

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25
Q

Multiplanar movements are:

A

Circumduction
Diagonal adduction/abduction

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26
Q

Name the two arches of the foot

A

Longitudinal arch - calcaneus —> talus —>navicular—>cuboid/cuneiforms—> metatarsals

Transverse arch - 1st —> 5th metatarsal

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27
Q

Two types of feet

A

Pes planus (low arch) - softer foot, shock absorption, less propulsion
Pes cavus (high arch) - rigid foot, less shock absorption, more propulsion

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28
Q

What is the plantar fascia

A

Ligamentous structure, attached to calcaneus, metatarsals, phalanges and skin.
Supports base of entire foot, including arches during load bearing.

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29
Q

Bones of the ankle joint

A

Tibia, fibula and talus

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30
Q

Describe the movements available at the subtalar joint

A

Allows inversion and eversion, pronation and supination

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31
Q

Name three other foot and ankle joints

A

Tarsometatarsal joint
Matarsophalangeal joint
Interphalangeal joint

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32
Q

4 components of foot and ankle for muscles

A

Superficial posterior
Deep posterior
Anterior
Lateral

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33
Q

Superficial posterior muscles

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus

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34
Q

Deep posterior muscles

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

35
Q

Anterior muscles

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus

36
Q

Lateral muscles

A

Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus tertius

37
Q

Describe Achilles tendon rupture

A

Onset of sharp pain at heel, snapping sound and difficulty walking

Caused by sudden dorsiflexion when muscle in tension or heavy activation after periods of inactivity.

38
Q

Describe shin splints

A

Tears/inflammation of muscles attached to tibia

Causes stress fractures

39
Q

Describe an ankle sprain

A

> 90% caused by inversion, less common by eversion
Re injury rate increases by about 50%

40
Q

What three bones articulate 2 knee joints

A

Tibia, femur and patella

41
Q

Name the ligaments in the knee

A

ACL - anterior cruciate ligament
LCL - lateral collateral ligament
LM - lateral meniscus
PCL - posterior cruciate ligament
MCL - medial collateral ligament
MM - medial meniscus

42
Q

Role of menisci

A

Provides stability, absorb shock and provide lubrication to knee joint

43
Q

Role of the patella

A

Increases quad torque by increasing distance from axis of motion

44
Q

Quadriceps muscles

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedialis
Vastus lateralis

45
Q

Hamstrings muscles

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendenosus
Semimbranosus

46
Q

What are the two malalignments in the knee

A

Genu Valgum (knock knees)
Genu Varum (bow legged)

47
Q

What is Chrondomalacia patella

A

Mistracking of patella and damage to patello-femoral cartilage

Caused by Genu valgum, pronation, high patella or weak vastus medialis

48
Q

Describe how acl injuries mostly occur

A

Mostly non contact (70%), occur by excessive anterior tibial translation

49
Q

What are the 4 hip bones

A

Ilium, ischium, sacrum and pubis

50
Q

Name the different joints in the hip

A

Sacroiliac joint, hip joint

51
Q

Main hip flexors

A

Major - Iliacus, psoas major,

Minor - rectus femoris, sartorius

52
Q

Main hip extensors

A

Gluteus maximus and the hamstrings

53
Q

What is Lombard’s paradox

A

During sit to stand motion:
Hip extension and knee extension needed
Rectus femoris agonist for hip extension but antagonist for knee extension

54
Q

What happens as a result of Lombard’s paradox

A

Knee and hip extensors have greater lever arm
Quadriceps larger muscle and more activated than hamstrings. Part of quads spans hip vs all of hamstrings
Net extensor torque at knee and net extensor torque at the hip

55
Q

What is femoroacetabular impingement

A

Growth/deformity of acetabulum or femur
Butting together caused
Damages cartilage of joint
Risk factor or osteoarthritis
Higher risk in young people and athletes

56
Q

Iliotobial band syndrome

A

Five out reinforcement of the TFL
If tight, inflammation on lateral aspect of the knee and friction between iliotical and lateral condyle of the femur

57
Q

Describe hamstring strains

A

Mostly non contact
Common in football
Usually biceps femoris

58
Q

4 key joints of the spine

A

Atlanto-occipital joint
Atlantoaxial joint
Intervertebral joint
Lumbosacrial joint

59
Q

Name the type and how meant of each bone is in the spine

A

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

60
Q

Movements of the lumbar spine

A

Lumbar flexion, lumbar extension
Lumbar rotation, lumbar lateral flexion

61
Q

Movements of the pelvic girdle

A

Anterior pelvic rotation
Posterior pelvic rotation

62
Q

Describe the role of rectus abdominis in lumbar movements

A

Both sides = lumbar flexion
Left side = lateral flexion to left
Right side = lateral flexion to right

63
Q

What do the obliques do

A

External = lumbar rotation to opposite side + lateral flexion to the same side
Internal = lumbar rotation to same side + lateral flexion to the same side

64
Q

What do the transverse abdominis do

A

Contributes to forced expiration, maintains abdominal pressure

65
Q

Describe low back pain

A

80% of population experience lumbar back pain
Risk factors include poor posture, muscle imbalance and poor core stability

66
Q

Structures in the shoulder girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula

67
Q

What 4 joints are in the shoulder

A

Sternoclavicular joint
Acromioclavicular joint
Scapulothoracic joint
Glenohumeral joint

68
Q

What movements are available round the shoulder girdle

A

Elevation
Depression
Addiction
Abduction
Upward rotation

69
Q

5 main muscles involved in shoulder girdle movements

A

Posterior: trapezius, rhomboids and levator scapulae
Anterior: pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

70
Q

What is the nuchal ligament

A

Occipital pertuberance to the spinous process C7
Supports weight of the head
Point of attachment for some muscles

71
Q

Describe a fractured clavicle

A

Most commonly fractured bone in the human body
Usually caused by direct impact
In the middle or towards lateral third of the clavicle

72
Q

Recovery from a clavicle fracture

A

Rest and minimal movement
Around 12 weeks recovery
Surgery is unusual unless the fracture is comminuted

73
Q

What bones articulate the glenohumeral joint

A

Humeral head and the glenoid cavity

74
Q

What movements are available at the shoulder joint

A

Flexion, extension, rotation, addiction, abduction, circumduction

75
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the glenohumeral joint

A

Pectoralis major
Lattisimus dorsi
Teres major
Deltoid

76
Q

What are the deep muscles of the shoulder joint

A

Rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)

77
Q

What is the role of the pectoralis major

A

Adduction
Horizontal adduction
Internal rotation

78
Q

Role of latissimus dorsi

A

Adduction
Horizontal abduction
Extension
Internal rotation

79
Q

Role of teres major

A

Adduction
Horizontal abduction
Extension
Internal rotation

80
Q

Deltoid role

A

All movements

81
Q

Rotator cuff role

A

Internal rotation
External rotation

82
Q

How do rotator cuff injuries occur

A

From rapid overhead activities

83
Q

Describe shoulder dislocations

A

98% are anterior
Caused by either the excessive abduction and external rotation, or impact facing the humeral head forwards

Biomechanics (9 decks)

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