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Bio 1 > Kingdoms > Flashcards

Kingdoms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Protist

A
  • earliest eukaryotic cells
  • Most are unicellular (some colonial , multicellular)
  • Most have flagella or cilia (at some time in their life cycle)
  • Found anywhere there is water
  • Grouped based on modes of feeding:
    Animal like: ingestive heterotrophs (protozoa)
    Plant-like: Photosynthetic autotrophs (ex: algae)
    Fungal-like
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2
Q

Paramecium

A
  • Animal like protist (heterotroph)
  • obtain food by phagocytosis
  • Ciliate (use cilia to move and feed)
  • lives in fresh water
  • Two types of nuclei:
    large macronuclei: everyday function
    small micronuclei: used in exchange of genetic material between organisms
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3
Q

Amoeba

A
  • Animal like protist (heterotroph)
  • obtain food by phagocytosis
  • Pseudopod (rhizopod)
  • move and feed by pseudopodia
    (pseudopodia= cellular extensions which involve the cytoskeleton; caused by cytoplasmic streaming)
    -no flagellated stage in life cycle
  • found in fresh water, marine & soil habitat
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4
Q

Plant like protists: Autotrophs

A
  • include key photosynthetic species that form the base of some aquatic food webs
  • include green algae (ancestor of land plants)
  • can be unicellular, colonial or multicellular
  • are photosynthetic (chloroplasts)
  • Most are in fresh water
  • green algae inclue 2 main group:
    Chlorophyta: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, plankton
    Charophyta: most closely related to land plants
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5
Q

Chlamydomonas

A
  • plant like protist (photosynthetic autotroph)
  • unicellular green algae
  • biflagellated (contains 2 flagella)
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6
Q

Volvox

A
  • plant like protist (photosynthetic autotroph)
  • green algae that forms spherical colonies (colonial but borders on multicellular**)
  • parent colony is hollow ball with wall composed of biflagellated cells
  • small daughter colonies located inside parent colonies
  • have division of labor**
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7
Q

Spyrogyra

A
  • plant like protist (photosynthetic autotroph)
  • multicellular green algae
  • contains helical arrangement of chloroplasts
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8
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • photosynthetic autotrophs
  • evolved from aquatic organisms:
    Green algae (Charophytes) -> plants
    Evidence(5):
  • homologous chloroplasts
  • both have cell wall containing cellulose
  • both store food as starch
  • simlarity in sperm structure
  • similarities in mitosis & cytokinesis
  • plants evolved complex bodies (cell specialization for different functions)
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9
Q

Bryophytes : seedless/nonvascular

A 
Ex: Mosses (Phylum bryophyta) 
- First land plants
- Resembles green algae
requires water for fertilization 
sperm must swim to egg (reproduce sexually)
-Do not contain "True" roots (have filamentous rhizoids)
- Have simple leaves (with stoma)
- Gametophyte is dominant 
- Sporophytes are smaller and dependent on gametophyte 
Gametophyte(n): produces gametes (egg/sperm)
sporophyte (2n): produces spores
Lack:
- vascular system:
water moves over the surface of leaves
movement of nutrients is by diffusion 
- supporting tissue: low profil 
- Seeds -> seedless
- pollen, fruit and flowers
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10
Q

Pterophytes: seedless/vascular

A 
Ex: Ferns (phylum pterophyta)
- Vascular system to transport H2O, minerals up and down the plant
- Leaves contain waxy cuticle 
- Sporophytes:
Dominant 
Leafy plants are the sporophytes
Spore is the dispersal stage
- Gametohytes:
small but INDEPENDENT
Grow on or below the surface
Produces both sperm and egg 
water still needed for fertilization
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11
Q

Seed plants

A

classified based on absence or presence of enclosed chambers in which seeds mature

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12
Q

Seed

A
  • embryo (zygote) with food supply and protective coat
  • facilitates reproduction on land:
    wind or animal can disperse the seed
    eliminates the need for water
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13
Q

Gymnospersm: Seed/ Vascular

A

Ex: pines, conifers (Phylum coniferophyta)
- Seed not in closed chambers (naked seed)
- Cones contain either:
-> male gametophyte: found within the pollen grain (pollen also eliminates the need for water
OR
-> female gametophyte: Consist of multicellular nutritive tissue. Contains the ovule (egg) which develops into pine seed once fertilized.
- Tree is sporophyte and dominant
- Gametophyte is reduced and dependent on sporophyte

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14
Q

Angiosperms: Seed/Vascular

A

Ex: Flowering plants (Phylum antrophyta)
- most evolved
- Produce flowers and fruits (key adaptation)
- Contain seeds in protective chamber at the base of the flower (ovary) which matures into fruit
- have refined vascular systems:
xylem cells called tracheids (elongated, tapered cells) and vessel elements
- Sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is microscopic/ dependent on sporophyte

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15
Q

Flowers

A
  • Specialized for reproduction
  • Contains both male and female structures
  • insects and animals transfer pollen from one plant to another, eliminating the need for water for transport of male gamete (in pollen grain)
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16
Q

Fruit

A

mature ovary that:
- protects dormant seeds
- aids in seed dispersion:
Fruits are shaped like propellers or kites (wings)
Have burrs that cling to the fur of animals (barbs)
Fruits pass through the digestive tracts of animals ( seed )

17
Q

Adaptation to dry land (6 parts)

A

I. Roots or root-like structures
- Anchor the plant
- Absorb water and nutrients from the soil
II. Conducting vessels (vascular tissue)
Xylem:
- Transport water and minerals upward from the roots
- include dead, tube-shaped cells called tracheids
Phloem:
- Transport photosynthetic products throughout the plant
- composed of living cells
III. Reproductive adaptations
- Does not rely on water:
to carry sex cells (male gametes)
to disperse fertilized eggs
- Zygotes retained within the parent
a) pollen: Consist of male gametophyte. Can travel long distance
b) Seed: protects embryo; contains supply of food advantages over spores
IV. Alternation of generations:
- Life cycle of plants alternate between to multicellular forms: Haploid gametophyte & Diploid sporophyte
- Sporophyte is larger and more noticeable than gametophyte in all plants except Mossess
-Evolution resulted in reduction of gametophyte
(protects the egg -containing gametophyte from environmental stress (UV, dryness etc)
V. Waxy cuticle:
- Prevents desiccation (drying out)
VI. Stomata
- pores in leaf
- Function in: gas exchange (CO2 in; O2 out) & H2O evaporation
- Surrounded by guard cells that open or close stomata
(exception: mosses do not have guard cells)

18
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Nearly all multicellular
    (exception: yeasts are unicellular)
  • Heterotrophs (absorbtive):
    Acquire nutrient by absorbtion
    Secrete hydrolytic enzymes and acids (breakdown complex molecules into simpler ones)
    Are decomposers (recycle nutrients)
    Note: Fungi & animals have evolved from a common flagellated protist
19
Q

Types of fungi (3)

A

Saprobes:
- Decomposers
- absorb nutrients from dead organic material
Parasitic:
- Absorb nutrients from bodies of living hosts
- Some are pathogenic
Mutualistic:
- Absorb nutrients from host organisms but reciprocates to benefit host
ex: Lichen, Mycorrhizae

20
Q

Lichen

A
  • Mutualistic fungi
  • Relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria or algae):
    Algae supply carbohydrates
    Cyanobacteria supply nitrogen fixation
    Fungi provide the physical environment (where those organisms can grow)
21
Q

Mycorrhizae

A
  • mutualistic fungi
  • relationship between fungi and plant roots
  • fungi lives on plants and help deliver minerals from the soil to plant:
    Increase surface area from which plant can absorb water
    plant give nutrients to fungi
22
Q

Structure of fungi

A

a. Contains a cell wall:
- composition: Chitin
- similar to that found in exoskeleton of insects
b. Composed of tiny filaments called hyphae:
- Hyphae are interwoven together to form a mat called mycelium (provides extensive surface area)
- Some mutualistic fungi have specialized hyphae called Haustoria: Penetrate host tissue for absorbtion of nutrients

23
Q

kingdom Animalia

A
  • multicellular, eukaryotic
  • Heterotrophic, by ingestion (eat other organisms)
  • Lack cell walls (ECM, Cellular junctions)
  • Presence of nervous & muscle tissue
  • Reproduce sexually (diploid stage dominant, flagellated sperm fertilizes non-motile egg)
  • Ancestor was most likely flagellated protist
24
Q

Parazoa

A
  • lack true tissue

- Phylum Porifera: Sponges

25
Q

Eumetazoa

A
  • have true tissues

- all phylum except porifera

26
Q

Radiata

A
  • Radial symmetry: No right & left sides
  • Diploblastic: two germ layers (endo & ecto)
  • Phylum Cnidaria: Jelly fish, hydras
27
Q

Bilateria

A
  • A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
  • A right and left side
  • Anterior (head) and posterior (tails) ends
  • Cephalization: Concentration sensory equipment at anterior end; development of a head
  • Triploblastic (3 germ layers: Ectoderm, mesoderm, endorderm)
28
Q

Germ layers

A

Form the various tissues and organs of the adult organism

29
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • Covers surface of embryo
  • Forms animal’s outer covering
  • In some phyla, forms central nervous system
30
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Inner germ layer
  • Lines the developing digestive tract (or cavity)
  • forms lining of the digestive tract, liver and lungs
31
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • Only in bilatera
  • located bewteen the ectoderm and endoderm
  • Forms muscle, organs (between digestive tract and outer covering)
32
Q

Dipoblastic

A
  • ectoderm & endorderm

ex: Cnidarians

33
Q

Triploblastic

A
  • 3 germ layers

ex: Flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates and other (all bilatera)

34
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • no body cavity
  • solid body
  • Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
35
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A
  • fluid filled body cavity
  • Cavity is not only enclosed by mesoderm tissue
  • Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
36
Q

Coelomate

A
  • Body cavity is enclosed by mesoderm tissue
37
Q

Coelom

A
  • fluid filled cavity
  • seperates digestive tract from outer body wall
    Function:
  • Cushions organ
  • Allows internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall
  • may serve as hydrostatic skeleton (ex: Earthworms)
38
Q

Protostomes

A

Spiral cleavage:
- Cell division is diagonal to the vertical axis
Determinate cleavage:
- Development fate of cells determined early
Solid masses of mesoderm split & form coelom
Blastopore fate:
- Develops into the mouth
Phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca

39
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Radial cleavage:
- cell division is parallel to or at right angles to vertical axis
Indeterminate cleavage:
- Each cell from early cleavage can form new embryo
- identical twins
Mesoderm buds from walls of archenteron to form coelom
Blastopore fate:
- Develops into anus
Phyla: Echinodermata and Chordata

Bio 1 (8 decks)

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