Kingdoms Flashcards
Protist
- earliest eukaryotic cells
- Most are unicellular (some colonial , multicellular)
- Most have flagella or cilia (at some time in their life cycle)
- Found anywhere there is water
- Grouped based on modes of feeding:
Animal like: ingestive heterotrophs (protozoa)
Plant-like: Photosynthetic autotrophs (ex: algae)
Fungal-like
Paramecium
- Animal like protist (heterotroph)
- obtain food by phagocytosis
- Ciliate (use cilia to move and feed)
- lives in fresh water
- Two types of nuclei:
large macronuclei: everyday function
small micronuclei: used in exchange of genetic material between organisms
Amoeba
- Animal like protist (heterotroph)
- obtain food by phagocytosis
- Pseudopod (rhizopod)
- move and feed by pseudopodia
(pseudopodia= cellular extensions which involve the cytoskeleton; caused by cytoplasmic streaming)
-no flagellated stage in life cycle - found in fresh water, marine & soil habitat
Plant like protists: Autotrophs
- include key photosynthetic species that form the base of some aquatic food webs
- include green algae (ancestor of land plants)
- can be unicellular, colonial or multicellular
- are photosynthetic (chloroplasts)
- Most are in fresh water
- green algae inclue 2 main group:
Chlorophyta: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, plankton
Charophyta: most closely related to land plants
Chlamydomonas
- plant like protist (photosynthetic autotroph)
- unicellular green algae
- biflagellated (contains 2 flagella)
Volvox
- plant like protist (photosynthetic autotroph)
- green algae that forms spherical colonies (colonial but borders on multicellular**)
- parent colony is hollow ball with wall composed of biflagellated cells
- small daughter colonies located inside parent colonies
- have division of labor**
Spyrogyra
- plant like protist (photosynthetic autotroph)
- multicellular green algae
- contains helical arrangement of chloroplasts
Kingdom Plantae
- multicellular eukaryotes
- photosynthetic autotrophs
- evolved from aquatic organisms:
Green algae (Charophytes) -> plants
Evidence(5): - homologous chloroplasts
- both have cell wall containing cellulose
- both store food as starch
- simlarity in sperm structure
- similarities in mitosis & cytokinesis
- plants evolved complex bodies (cell specialization for different functions)
Bryophytes : seedless/nonvascular
Ex: Mosses (Phylum bryophyta) - First land plants - Resembles green algae requires water for fertilization sperm must swim to egg (reproduce sexually) -Do not contain "True" roots (have filamentous rhizoids) - Have simple leaves (with stoma) - Gametophyte is dominant - Sporophytes are smaller and dependent on gametophyte Gametophyte(n): produces gametes (egg/sperm) sporophyte (2n): produces spores Lack: - vascular system: water moves over the surface of leaves movement of nutrients is by diffusion - supporting tissue: low profil - Seeds -> seedless - pollen, fruit and flowers
Pterophytes: seedless/vascular
Ex: Ferns (phylum pterophyta) - Vascular system to transport H2O, minerals up and down the plant - Leaves contain waxy cuticle - Sporophytes: Dominant Leafy plants are the sporophytes Spore is the dispersal stage - Gametohytes: small but INDEPENDENT Grow on or below the surface Produces both sperm and egg water still needed for fertilization
Seed plants
classified based on absence or presence of enclosed chambers in which seeds mature
Seed
- embryo (zygote) with food supply and protective coat
- facilitates reproduction on land:
wind or animal can disperse the seed
eliminates the need for water
Gymnospersm: Seed/ Vascular
Ex: pines, conifers (Phylum coniferophyta)
- Seed not in closed chambers (naked seed)
- Cones contain either:
-> male gametophyte: found within the pollen grain (pollen also eliminates the need for water
OR
-> female gametophyte: Consist of multicellular nutritive tissue. Contains the ovule (egg) which develops into pine seed once fertilized.
- Tree is sporophyte and dominant
- Gametophyte is reduced and dependent on sporophyte
Angiosperms: Seed/Vascular
Ex: Flowering plants (Phylum antrophyta)
- most evolved
- Produce flowers and fruits (key adaptation)
- Contain seeds in protective chamber at the base of the flower (ovary) which matures into fruit
- have refined vascular systems:
xylem cells called tracheids (elongated, tapered cells) and vessel elements
- Sporophyte is dominant; gametophyte is microscopic/ dependent on sporophyte
Flowers
- Specialized for reproduction
- Contains both male and female structures
- insects and animals transfer pollen from one plant to another, eliminating the need for water for transport of male gamete (in pollen grain)
Fruit
mature ovary that:
- protects dormant seeds
- aids in seed dispersion:
Fruits are shaped like propellers or kites (wings)
Have burrs that cling to the fur of animals (barbs)
Fruits pass through the digestive tracts of animals ( seed )
Adaptation to dry land (6 parts)
I. Roots or root-like structures
- Anchor the plant
- Absorb water and nutrients from the soil
II. Conducting vessels (vascular tissue)
Xylem:
- Transport water and minerals upward from the roots
- include dead, tube-shaped cells called tracheids
Phloem:
- Transport photosynthetic products throughout the plant
- composed of living cells
III. Reproductive adaptations
- Does not rely on water:
to carry sex cells (male gametes)
to disperse fertilized eggs
- Zygotes retained within the parent
a) pollen: Consist of male gametophyte. Can travel long distance
b) Seed: protects embryo; contains supply of food advantages over spores
IV. Alternation of generations:
- Life cycle of plants alternate between to multicellular forms: Haploid gametophyte & Diploid sporophyte
- Sporophyte is larger and more noticeable than gametophyte in all plants except Mossess
-Evolution resulted in reduction of gametophyte
(protects the egg -containing gametophyte from environmental stress (UV, dryness etc)
V. Waxy cuticle:
- Prevents desiccation (drying out)
VI. Stomata
- pores in leaf
- Function in: gas exchange (CO2 in; O2 out) & H2O evaporation
- Surrounded by guard cells that open or close stomata
(exception: mosses do not have guard cells)
Kingdom Fungi
- Eukaryotes
- Nearly all multicellular
(exception: yeasts are unicellular) - Heterotrophs (absorbtive):
Acquire nutrient by absorbtion
Secrete hydrolytic enzymes and acids (breakdown complex molecules into simpler ones)
Are decomposers (recycle nutrients)
Note: Fungi & animals have evolved from a common flagellated protist
Types of fungi (3)
Saprobes:
- Decomposers
- absorb nutrients from dead organic material
Parasitic:
- Absorb nutrients from bodies of living hosts
- Some are pathogenic
Mutualistic:
- Absorb nutrients from host organisms but reciprocates to benefit host
ex: Lichen, Mycorrhizae
Lichen
- Mutualistic fungi
- Relationship between fungi and photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria or algae):
Algae supply carbohydrates
Cyanobacteria supply nitrogen fixation
Fungi provide the physical environment (where those organisms can grow)
Mycorrhizae
- mutualistic fungi
- relationship between fungi and plant roots
- fungi lives on plants and help deliver minerals from the soil to plant:
Increase surface area from which plant can absorb water
plant give nutrients to fungi
Structure of fungi
a. Contains a cell wall:
- composition: Chitin
- similar to that found in exoskeleton of insects
b. Composed of tiny filaments called hyphae:
- Hyphae are interwoven together to form a mat called mycelium (provides extensive surface area)
- Some mutualistic fungi have specialized hyphae called Haustoria: Penetrate host tissue for absorbtion of nutrients
kingdom Animalia
- multicellular, eukaryotic
- Heterotrophic, by ingestion (eat other organisms)
- Lack cell walls (ECM, Cellular junctions)
- Presence of nervous & muscle tissue
- Reproduce sexually (diploid stage dominant, flagellated sperm fertilizes non-motile egg)
- Ancestor was most likely flagellated protist
Parazoa
- lack true tissue
- Phylum Porifera: Sponges
Eumetazoa
- have true tissues
- all phylum except porifera
Radiata
- Radial symmetry: No right & left sides
- Diploblastic: two germ layers (endo & ecto)
- Phylum Cnidaria: Jelly fish, hydras
Bilateria
- A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
- A right and left side
- Anterior (head) and posterior (tails) ends
- Cephalization: Concentration sensory equipment at anterior end; development of a head
- Triploblastic (3 germ layers: Ectoderm, mesoderm, endorderm)
Germ layers
Form the various tissues and organs of the adult organism
Ectoderm
- Covers surface of embryo
- Forms animal’s outer covering
- In some phyla, forms central nervous system
Endoderm
- Inner germ layer
- Lines the developing digestive tract (or cavity)
- forms lining of the digestive tract, liver and lungs
Mesoderm
- Only in bilatera
- located bewteen the ectoderm and endoderm
- Forms muscle, organs (between digestive tract and outer covering)
Dipoblastic
- ectoderm & endorderm
ex: Cnidarians
Triploblastic
- 3 germ layers
ex: Flatworms, arthropods, vertebrates and other (all bilatera)
Acoelomate
- no body cavity
- solid body
- Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Pseudocoelomate
- fluid filled body cavity
- Cavity is not only enclosed by mesoderm tissue
- Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Coelomate
- Body cavity is enclosed by mesoderm tissue
Coelom
- fluid filled cavity
- seperates digestive tract from outer body wall
Function: - Cushions organ
- Allows internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall
- may serve as hydrostatic skeleton (ex: Earthworms)
Protostomes
Spiral cleavage:
- Cell division is diagonal to the vertical axis
Determinate cleavage:
- Development fate of cells determined early
Solid masses of mesoderm split & form coelom
Blastopore fate:
- Develops into the mouth
Phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca
Deuterostomes
Radial cleavage:
- cell division is parallel to or at right angles to vertical axis
Indeterminate cleavage:
- Each cell from early cleavage can form new embryo
- identical twins
Mesoderm buds from walls of archenteron to form coelom
Blastopore fate:
- Develops into anus
Phyla: Echinodermata and Chordata
