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Bio 1 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Character

A

Detectable inheritable feature (flower color, eye color)

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2
Q

Trait

A

variant of a character

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3
Q

True breed

A

All offspring with the same trait as parents (ie: Homozygous parent)

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4
Q

Hybridization

A

Mating of two contrasting true-breeding varieties

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5
Q

P generation

A

True-breeding parents

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6
Q

F2 generation

A

Results of when F1 individuals self/cross-pollinate with other F1 individual

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7
Q

F1 generation

A

hybrid offspring of P generation

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8
Q

Mendels Model

A

1)Alternative version of genes are responsible for variation in inherited characters
- alleles:
alternative (different) version of a gene
account for different traits(purple/white) observed for the same the character
2)For each character, organism receives 2 alleles: one from each parent: can be identical or different
3)If two alleles differ:
Dominant allele is fully expressed & will determine appearance; represented with capital letters
Recessive allele has no noticeable effects ; represented with lower case letters
Mendel: F1 = purple (allele is dominant)
4) Law of segregation: Alles seperate (segregate) during gamete formation
- egg/sperm receives only 1 one 2 alleles
- paired condition is restored by fusion of gametes (fertilization -> diploid zygote with 2 alleles)
- accounts for 3:1 ratio observed in F2 generation
- derived by following the inheritance of one character

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

Having 2 identical alleles for a gene

True breeding

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having 2 different alleles for a gene
Not true breeding
Heterozygote is carrier of recessive trait

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of a gene (appearance) -> purple/white flower

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12
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up (PP or Pp = purple)

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13
Q

Punnet Square

A

Shows possible combination of sperm and egg

Predicts the results of genetic cross between individuals of known genotype

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14
Q

Test cross

A

Purpose:
- to determine if an organism with a dominant trait is either homozygous dominant or heterezygous
Procedure:
- cross “mystery” individual with a homozygous recessive individual (Pp/PP x pp)
Result:
if any of the offspring displays recessive phenotype, then mystery parent must be heterozygous

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15
Q

Monohybrids

A

individuals that are heterozygous for one character (ex: F1)

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16
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

cross between parents in which only one specific pair of alleles and therefore one specific trait is considered (F1 x F1)

17
Q

Law of independent assortment

A
  • derived by following the inheritance of 2 character

- F1 = dihybrids

18
Q

Dihybrids

A

individual that are heterozygous for 2 characters

19
Q

Dihybrid cross

A
  • cross between parents in which 2 pairs of alleles and therefore 2 specific traits are considered (F1 x F1)
  • used to determine if two characters are transmitted to offspring in a package or independently
20
Q

Dihybrid cross experiment

A 
Peas: i) R = round/ r=wrinkled ii) Y=yellow / y= green
P generation : YYRR x yyrr (yellow & Round/green & wrinkled)
F1 generation: YyRr
Dihybrid cross: YyRr x YyRr
Gametes: YR, Yr, yR, yr
F2:
Yellow/Round: Y_R_ (9/16)
Yellow/Wrinkled: Y_rr (3/16)
Green/Round: yyR_ (3/16)
Green/Wrinkled: yyrr(1/16)
Phenotypic ration: 9:3:3:1
21
Q

conclusion of dihybrid cross experiment

A
  • different genes separate independently of each other during gamete formation
  • alleles inherited together do not necessarily get passed on together
  • Note: genes near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
22
Q

Non-mendalian genetic (occurence)

A

occurs when:

  • gene has more than 2 alleles
  • a gene produces multiple phenotypes
  • alleles are not completely dominant or recessive
23
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype

24
Q

Codominance

A

full expression of both alleles in heterozygote Ex: AB blood group)

25
Q

Groupe A

A

Genotype: I^a i or I^aI^a
Antigen: A
Antibody: Anti-B

26
Q

Antigen

A

surface glycoprotein on red blood cell

27
Q

Group B

A

Genotype: I^b i or I^bI^B
Antigen: B
Antibody: Anti-A

28
Q

Group AB

A

Genotype: I^aI^b
Antigen: A & B
Antibody: none
universal recipient b/c no antibodies

29
Q

Group O

A

Genotype: ii
Antigen: none
Antibody: Anti-A & Anti-B
universal donor b/c no antigen on RBC

30
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Some genes may have more than 2 alleles (ABO blood group)

31
Q

Epistatis

A 
A gene at one locus altering the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus
E = color deposited
e= no color deposited
Ex: dog coat:
9:3:4 (Black: Brown: white)
32
Q

Pleiotropy

A

single gene has multiple phenotypic effects (Ex: sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis has multiple symptoms

33
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Additive effect of 2 or more genes leads to a single phenotype (Ex: Skin color)

34
Q

Pedigrees

A

Family tree

Diagram of the relationship among parents & children

Bio 1 (8 decks)

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