Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1407 > Kingdom Fungi > Flashcards

Kingdom Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

How do fungi eat?

A

They are heterotrophs and absorb nutrients from outside their bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do fungi digest?

A

They use hydrolytic enzymes to break molecules down and can digest compounds from many sources, living or dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What three major roles do fungi exhibit in the ecosystem?

A

Decomposers, parasitic, and mutualistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Decomposer Fungi

A

Break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parasitic Fungi

A

Absorb nutrients from living hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mutualistic Fungi

A

Absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common morphology of fungi?

A

Multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mycelium

A

Fungal body made up of hyphae that infiltrates the food source. Its structure maximizes surface-to-volume ratio, making absorption very efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hyphae

A

Tiny filaments with tubular cell walls strengthened with chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does chitin do for cells?

A

It’s a structural polymer that prevents cells from lysing due to osmotic pressure from nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are hyphae divided most of the time?

A

They are divided into cells by cross walls called septa (septa have pores large enough to enable cell-to-cell movement of organelles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is different with the hyphae in coenocytic fungi?

A

They lack septa, and have hundreds or thousands of nuclei in a continuous cytoplasmic mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do hyphae grow in length or girth?

A

Length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cytoplasmic Streaming

A

Since hyphae grow in length, this is the process they use to move materials to the tips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do multicellular fungi colonize?

A

They aren’t motile but they colonize new territory through hyphae growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Haustoria

A

Specialized hyphae that let fungi extract nutrients from plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Arbuscules

A

Specialized hyphae that penetrate plant cell walls but not the cell membrane (used by mutualistic fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Means “fungus roots”
Mutually beneficial relationship between fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhizal fungi deliver phosphate ions and minerals to the plants, and plants supply organic nutrients to the fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do phosphate ions and minerals from mycorrhizal fungi do for plants?

A

Increases the amount of surface area for absorption and may provide protection against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two main types of mycorrhizal fungi?

A

Ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

A

Form sheaths of hyphae over the root surface and extend into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

A

Extend arbuscules through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What types of plants are involved in mycorrhizal relationships?

A

Vascular plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do mycorrhizal fungi colonize soils?

A

Dispersal of haploid cells called spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Does fungal reproduction occur sexually or asexually?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Are fungal nuclei and spores diploid or haploid?

A

Usually haploid, although some species have diploid nuclei formed during sexual life cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does sexual reproduction in fungi require?

A

Fusion of hyphae from different mating types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do fungi signal which mating type they are?

A

By using pheromones (sexual signaling molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Plasmogamy

A

The union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Heterokaryon

A

A mycelium that contains coexisting, genetically different nuclei (during reproduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Dikaryotic

A

When haploid nuclei in some fungi pair off two to a cell–mycelium is called dikaryotic

32
Q

Karyogamy

A

The fusion of nuclei–a process that could take hours, days, or even centuries

33
Q

What leads to genetic variation in fungi?

A

The paired processes of karyogamy and meiosis

34
Q

Molds

A

A type of fungi that produces haploid spores asexually by mitosis, forming visible “furry” mycelia

35
Q

How do single-celled yeasts reproduce?

A

Asexually without producing spores; it occurs through simple cell division called “budding”

36
Q

Deuteromycetes

A

A group of fungi (including yeasts and filamentous fungi) that have no known sexual stage

37
Q

What group is fungi most closely related to?

A

Fungi and animals are more closely related than either group is to plants or most other eukaryotes

38
Q

What was the ancestor of fungi?

A

An aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

39
Q

What was required for mycorrhizal formation?

A

Sym genes

40
Q

Cryptomycetes and Microsporidians

A

Phylum Cryptomycota and Phylum microsporidia form a sister group; basal fungal lineage

41
Q

Phylum Cryptomycota (Cryptomycetes)

A

Only 30 known species, but are a large and diverse group. They are found in soils, marine, and freshwater. There are aerobic and anaerobic species, and many species are parasites of protists and other fungi.
Cryptomycetes are unicellular and have flagellated spores. (also can synthesize chitin-rich cell wall)

42
Q

Phylum Microsporidia (Microsporidians)

A

-Known species are unicellular parasites of protists and animals
-Can synthesize chitin-rich cell wall
-Highly reduced mitochondria and small genomes
-Spores infect host cells with harpoon-like organelle

43
Q

Phylum Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)

A

-1000 known species
-Found in lakes, soil, and marine habitats
-Include species functioning as decomposers, parasites, and mutualists
-Most have flagellated spores called zoospores
-Chitin cell walls
-Some single-celled, others form colonies

44
Q

Phylum Zoopagomycota (Zoopagomycetes)

A

-900 known species
-Live as parasites or commensal symbionts of animals, or as parasites of other fungi or protists
-Form filamentous hyphae and reproduce asexually via nonflagellated spores
-Some induce behavioral changes in insects they parasitize
-Those that reproduce sexually form structure called zygosporangium
-Non-flagellated wind dispersed spores

45
Q

Zygosporangium

A

Structure formed by Zygomycetes and some Mucoromycetes, houses and protects zygote

46
Q

What types of fungi exist in Phylum Mucoromycota (mucoromycetes)?

A

Important decomposers (Rhizopus stolonifer–bread mold), also parasites, pathogens, or mutualists with plants (some mycorrhizae)

47
Q

Describe the mucoromycete life cycle.

A

-Plasmogamy produces a zygosporangium
-Karyogamy and then meiosis occur within that zygosporangium
-Coenocytic hyphae spread and penetrate surface (absorb nutrients from rotting food)
-Sporangia develop at tips of upright hyphae, asexually producing genetically diverse sporses

48
Q

What’s special about zygosporangia?

A

They are metabolically inactive and resistant to freezing and drying

49
Q

Glomeromycetes

A

An arbuscular-forming clade of fungi in the Phylum Mucoromycota
–most plant species have mutualistic partnerships with arbuscular mycorrhizae

50
Q

Ascomycetes

A

Phylum Ascomycota, known as “sac fungi”
Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

51
Q

Where did ascomycetes get their nickname?

A

Called sac fungi because of the saclike asci where their spores are produced

52
Q

What do ascomycetes produce during the sexual stage?

A

Fruiting bodies called ascocarps that contain spore-forming asci

53
Q

What types of fungi are included in the phylum Ascomycota (ascomycetes)?

A

Plant pathogens, decomposers, and symbionts
More than 25% form lichens, symbiotic associations with green algae or cyanobacteria
Some form mycorrhizae with plants

54
Q

How do ascomycetes reproduce asexually?

A

By enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia

55
Q

Where are conidia produced?

A

At the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores

56
Q

How do ascomycetes reproduce sexually?

A

Conidia fuse with hyphae of mycelium from different mating type, forming dikaryotic cells (each containing 2 haploid nuclei, one from each parent). Asci form at tips of dikaryotic hyphae, and karyogamy and meiosis occur there. Ascospores develop and are discharged from the ascocarp

57
Q

What types of fungi are included in Phylum Basidiomycota (basidiomycetes)?

A

Some are mutualists that form mycorrhizae, while others are destructive plant parasites (rusts and smuts)
MUSHROOMS

58
Q

What is Phylum Basidiomycota named for?

A

The basidium; a cell where karyogamy and meiosis occur

59
Q

Where did the name club fungus come from?

A

The basidium’s club-like shape

60
Q

What do basidiomycetes do?

A

They are important decomposers of wood, and certain ones are best at decomposing lignin (a complex polymer abundant in wood)

61
Q

How do basidiomycetes reproduce sexually?

A

They produce fruiting bodies called basidiocarps (white mushrooms in stores)

62
Q

How does a mushroom form?

A

It results from a concentrated growth of hyphae from the dikaryotic mycelium. The cap supports and protects a large surface area of dikaryotic basidia on gills. Karyogamy occurs within the basidia, then meiosis, and sexually produced basidiospores are ejected and dispersed by wind

63
Q

Endophytes

A

Fungi or bacteria that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm (most are ascomycetes)

64
Q

Lichens

A

Symbiotic associations between photosynthetic microorganisms and fungi (grow on rocks, rotting logs, trees, and roofs)
-Fungal partners usually ascomycetes
-Photosynthetic partners usually unicellular or filamentous green algae or cyanobacteria

65
Q

How do lichens reproduce?

A

Asexually by fragmentation or formation of soredia

66
Q

Soredia

A

Small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

67
Q

What is the function of lichen?

A

They physically penetrate the surface and break it down chemically, some also fix nitrogen

68
Q

Mycosis

A

General term for fungal infection in animals; such as ringworm which causes athlete’s foot. Treated with fungicidal lotions and powders

69
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

Potentially fatal mycosis that produces tuberculosis-like symptoms in lungs, lives in soil in SW US and parts of Mexico and Central & South Ameria
Acquired by inhaling spores

70
Q

Distinguishing features of Cryptomycota

A

Parasites with flagellated spores

71
Q

Distinguishing features of Microsporida

A

Parasitic cells that form resistant spores

72
Q

Distinguishing features of Chytridiomycota

A

Flagellated spores

73
Q

Distinguishing features of Zoopagomycota

A

Resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage

74
Q

Distinguishing features of Mucuromycota

A

Include fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants

75
Q

Distinguishing features of Ascomycota

A

Sexual spores (ascospores) borne internally in sacs called asci; vast numbers of asexual spores (conidia) produced

76
Q

Distinguishing features of Basidiomycota

A

Elaborate fruiting body (basidiocarp) containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospores)

BIOL 1407 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions