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BIOL 1407 > Introduction to Animal Bodies > Flashcards

Introduction to Animal Bodies Flashcards

1
Q

What key animal characteristics make them such efficient consumers?

A

-heterotrophic
-tissues formed from layers of embryonic cells
-efficient digestive system
-nerve and muscle cells
-can move, detect, and capture potential prey

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2
Q

What do animal cells have instead of cell walls?

A

Support from structural proteins such as collagen

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3
Q

What type of division produces sperm and egg cells in animals?

A

Meiotic

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4
Q

Is the animal life cycle dominated by haploid or diploid stage?

A

Diploid

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Cleavage

A

A succession of cell division without growth between divisions that occurs in animal zygotes

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7
Q

What does cleavage lead to?

A

The formation of a blastula that will undergo gastrulation

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8
Q

Gastrulation

A

When a blastula undergoes gastrulation, it forms a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

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9
Q

Larva

A

Sexually immature, and morphologically and behaviorally distinct from the adult stage

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10
Q

What happens after metamorphosis?

A

Larvae become juvenile that resemble adults but are sexually immature

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11
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

Regulatory genes that control the expression of lots of other genes influencing morphology (where eyes should go, etc)

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12
Q

What is believed to be the closest living relatives to animals?

A

Protists called choanoflagellates; the common ancestor may have resembled modern choanoflagellates

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13
Q

Bilaterian

A

Organisms with:
-bilaterally symmetric form
-complete digestive tract
-efficient digestive system with a mouth and an anus at opposite ends

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14
Q

What animals were the first to adapt to life on land?

A

Arthropods; began influencing plants

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15
Q

What two groups of early land vertebrates live today?

A

Amphibians and amniotes

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16
Q

What happened to reptiles during animal evolution?

A

Some returned to aquatic habitats, while others remained on land and became adapted for flight

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17
Q

How do radially symmetrical and bilateral animals move?

A

Radially symmetrical: sessile/planktonic; drifting or weakly swimming
Bilateral: actively move and have a CNS

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18
Q

What is the morphology of a bilaterally symmetrical animal like?

A

They have a dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side, a right and left side, a head end and tail end.
Many have sensory equipment (like a brain) in their anterior end

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19
Q

What are the four main types of animal tissues?

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

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20
Q

What animal(s) lack tissues?

A

Sponges and a few other groups

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21
Q

What are the two germ layers that give rise to tissues and organs of embryo?

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

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22
Q

Ectoderm

A

Covers the embryo’s surface and gives rise to exoskeleton and CNS

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23
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost layer, will form the gut and gives rise to the lining of organs and digestive tract

24
Q

What’s the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic animals?

A

Diploblastic animals only have ectoderm and endoderm, while triploblastic have a third germ layer called mesoderm

25
Q

Triploblastic animals

A

Include all bilaterally symmetrical animals

26
Q

Mesoderm

A

Fills space between ectoderm and endoderm, gives rise to muscles and most organs

27
Q

Body Cavity

A

Most triploblastic animals have one
fluid- or air-filled space b/w digestive tract and outer body wall

28
Q

What are the functions of a body cavity?

A

-Internal fluid cushions suspended organs
-Enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall
-acts as a skeleton the muscles of soft-bodied animals can work against

29
Q

What are the two types of body cavities?

A

Hemocoel and coelom

30
Q

Hemocoel

A

Body cavity formed between mesoderm and endoderm; filled with hemolymph that transports nutrients and waste through body cavity

31
Q

Coelom

A

Body cavity surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm

32
Q

What are the two developmental modes?

A

Protostome development and deuterostome development

33
Q

What types of cleavage are prominent in protostome development?

A

Spiral cleavage and determinate cleavage

34
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

Planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of embryo

35
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

Rigidly determines developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

36
Q

What types of cleavage are found in deuterostome development?

A

Radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage

37
Q

Radial Cleavage

A

Planes of division are either parallel or perpendicular to the embryo’s vertical axis

38
Q

Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Each cell produced by early cleavage is able to form a complete embryo

39
Q

Archenteron

A

Blind pouch formed during gastrulation that becomes the gut

40
Q

Blastopore

A

Indentation in gastrula that leads to the formation of the archenteron

41
Q

What does the blastopore form in the different developments?

A

Protostome: blastula becomes mouth
Deuterostome: blastula becomes anus

42
Q

How is coelom formed in the different developments?

A

Protostome: solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
Deuterostome: folds of archenteron form coelom

43
Q

What data sources are used to infer evolutionary relationships between animal phyla?

A

Whole genomes, morphological traits, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, Hox genes, protein-coding nuclear genes, and mitochondrial genes

44
Q

What is the sister group to all other animals?

A

Sponges

45
Q

Eumetazoa

A

Clade of animals with tissues; means “true animals”, includes all except for sponges and a few others

46
Q

Bilateria Clade

A

Most animal phyla belong here; most bilaterians are invertebrates, and Chordata is the only phylum that also includes vertebrates

47
Q

What three clades are bilaterians divided into?

A

Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, and Lophotrochozoa

48
Q

Deuterostomia

A

May be invertebrates or vertebrates; includes hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates

49
Q

Hemichordates

A

Acorn worms

50
Q

Echinoderms

A

Sea stars and relatives

51
Q

What do ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans have in common?

A

They are all invertebrates

52
Q

What bilaterian clade do nematodes and arthropods belong to?

A

Ecdysozoans

53
Q

What’s special about ecdysozoans?

A

They secrete an exoskeleton that is shed to allow for growth (process called ecdysis)

54
Q

What two different features are observed in Lophotrochozoa?

A

Development of lophophore or developmental stage called trochophore larva

55
Q

Lophophore

A

Crown of ciliated tentacles used for feeding

BIOL 1407 (5 decks)

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