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BIOL 1407 > Exam 3 BOO > Flashcards

Exam 3 BOO Flashcards

1
Q

List the evolution of plants from least to most complex

A

Algal mats, multicellular marine/freshwater green algae, terrestrial bryophytes, lycopods and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

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2
Q

What did early embryophyte land plants evolve from?

A

Green algae

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3
Q

Charophytes

A

Closest common ancestor of land plants

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4
Q

What traits do plants share only with charophytes?

A

*cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins arranged in rings rather than linear sets
*structure of flagellated sperm
*similarities in all types of DNA
*Sporopollenin

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5
Q

What is sporopollenin and where is it found?

A

It is a polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out. It’s found in plant spore walls, as well as charophyte cell coating

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6
Q

List the benefits of moving to land.

A

Unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful CO2, and nutrient rich soil

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7
Q

List the challenges of moving to land.

A

Scarcity of water, and lack of structural support against gravity

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8
Q

What are derived traits?

A

Traits that arose in the most recent common ancestor and passed on the lineage

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9
Q

Derived traits in plants

A

*Alternation of Generations
*Multicellular, dependent embryos
*Apical meristems
*Cuticle
*Stomata

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of early land plants?

A

*no true roots, stems, or leaves
*formed associations with soil fungi (mycorrhizae)
*require water for fertilization

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11
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

Cells joined into tubes for the transport of water and nutrients

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12
Q

What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants?

A

Vascular plants have a complex vascular tissue system while nonvascular plants lack an extensive transport system

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13
Q

List the types of nonvascular plants

A

Bryophytes, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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14
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

*have an extensive vascular transport system but don’t produce seeds
*Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives)
*Monilophytes (ferns and their relatives)

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15
Q

Seed Plants

A

*produce seeds
*have vascular tissues
*Cycad/cardboard palms/Sego palms
*Ginkgo
*Mormon tea
*pines

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16
Q

Phylum Cycadophyta

A

Cycad/cardboard palms/Sego palms

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17
Q

Phylum Ginkgophya

A

Ginkgo only living species

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18
Q

Phylum Gnetophyta

A

Mormon Tea

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19
Q

Phylum Coniferophyta

A

Pines

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20
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A

Club mosses and their relatives

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21
Q

Phylum Monilophyta

A

Monilophytes are ferns and their relatives

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22
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A

Mosses

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23
Q

Phylum Marchantiophyta

A

Liverworts

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24
Q

Phylum Anthoceratophyta

A

Hornworts

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25
Q

For mosses, which generation is dominant?

A

Gametophyte (1N)

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26
Q

How does reproduction work in Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts)?

A

*Male and female reproductive structures are separated
**female gametophyte produces archegonia which produces 1N eggs
**male gametophyte produces antheridia that produces 1N sperm
*Egg and sperm fuse during fertilization producing 2N sporophyte
*Sporophyte 2N depends on gametophyte for nutrition
**Meiosis occurs in sporangium of sporophyte to produce 1N spores
**1N spores germinate into new 1N gametophyte generation
**Water still needed for fertilization to occur

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27
Q

What were the benefits of adaptations leading to seedless vascular plants?

A

*Vascular tissue allowed plants to grow much taller
*taller plants were better able to compete for sunlight and could disperse spores further than shorter plants

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28
Q

Characteristics of vascular plants

A

*life cycles with dominant sporophytes
*transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem
*Well-developed roots and leaves
*sporophylls
*gametophyte is microscopic, sporophyte is dominant

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29
Q

Sporophyll

A

Modified leaves with sporangia that bear spores

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30
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue in charge of water transport

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31
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue in charge of food transport

32
Q

What are the two types of true leaves?

A

Microphylls and Megaphylls

33
Q

What three “upgrades” did plants gain after adapting into seedless vascular plants?

A

True stems, true roots, and true leaves

34
Q

Microphylls

A

Small, often spine-shaped leaves with a single vein, found only in lycophytes

35
Q

Megaphylls

A

Larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system, found in all plant groups except lycophytes

36
Q

Strobili

A

Clumps of sporophylls in cone-like structures

37
Q

Are seedless vascular plants homosporous or heterosporous?

A

Most are homosporous, but some are heterosporous

38
Q

Describe homosporous plants

A

*They have one type of sporophyll and sporangium that produces one type of spore
*Microsporophyll–>Microsporangium–>Microspores
*Spores usually produce bisexual gametophytes

39
Q

Describe heterosporous plants

A

*All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants
*Two types of sporophylls bearing different sporangia that produce different spore types
*Mega/microsporophylls produce mega/microsporangia produce mega/microspores which give rise to female/male gametophytes

40
Q

Which groups in Phylum Lycophyta are heterosporous vs homosporous?

A

Spikemosses and quillworts are heterosporous, while clubmosses are homosporous

41
Q

What is the fern sporophyte like?

A

Large megasporophylls (fronds), coiled at the tip (fiddlehead) that unfurls as leaf grows. Most are homosporous

42
Q

Sori/Sorus

A

Fern sporophytes have spores born in clusters, covered by a piece of tissue called an indusium. Found on underside of fern fronds

43
Q

Division Pteridophyta

A

Whisk Ferns and Fern Allies
*Sporophytes have branching stems but no roots
*3 fused sporangia form a yellow knob on each stem
*homosporous with bisexual gametophytes
*sporophyte dominance

44
Q

Division Polypodiophyta

A

Horsetails
*sporophytes have jointed stems with rings of small leaves or branches
*stems contain silica
*bisexual gametophytes
*sporophyte dominance

45
Q

Division Lycopodiophyta

A

Club Mosses, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts
*Not true mosses
*Vascular plants

46
Q

What adaptations allowed seed plants to make up the majority of plant biodiversity?

A

*Seeds
*Reduced gametophytes
*Heterospory
*Water not being required for fertilization
*Seeds and pollen grains
*sporophyte dominance

47
Q

Describe the reduced gametophytes of gymnosperms

A

Ovules (female)
Pollen (male)

48
Q

What is a seed?

A

*Consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
*can disperse over long distances by wind or other means

49
Q

What are gymnosperm gametophytes like?

A

*Microscopic and dependent
*Develop from spores within sporangia of sporophyte
*Protected from environmental stress, receiving nutrients from parent sporophyte

50
Q

What is the gymnosperm female gametophyte like?

A

Ovule consists of megaspore within megasporangium surrounded by one or more integument (gymnosperms usually have one integument while angiosperms usually have 2)

51
Q

What is the gymnosperm male gametophyte like?

A

Each microspore develops into a microgametophyte within the pollen wall, a pollen grain.
Pollen grains germinate when they reach the female reproductive structure, and once germinated they produce a pollen tube. Pollen tube grows into the ovule and discharges sperm into the female gametophyte. If a sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant, zygote grows into a sporophyte embryo.

52
Q

What are the evolutionary advantages of seeds?

A

*multicellular while spores are single cells
*can remain dormant for years until conditions are favorable for germination (spores are shorter-lived)
*stored food to nourish seedlings (spores don’t produce nourishment to gametophytes)
*can be transported longer distances

53
Q

What are the 3 key reproductive adaptations of seeds?

A

*Miniaturization of gametophytes
*Production of the seed as a resistant, dispersible stage in the life cycle
*Pollen, an airborne agent bringing gametes together

54
Q

What are gymnosperm seeds like?

A

They have “naked seeds” exposed on sporophylls that usually form cones

55
Q

Life cycle of a Pine

A

*Sporophyte is dominant
*Pollen cones/staminate are small, consisting of microsporophylls that bear microsporangia
*Microsporocytes undergo meiosis, producing haploid microspores within microsporangia
*Each microspore develops into a pollen gran containing a male gametophyte (pollen)
*Cones release large amounts of wind-carried pollen
*Ovulate cones are larger, consisting of modified stem tissue and megasporophylls bearing megasporangia
**within each megasporangium, megasporocytes undergo meiosis to produce haploid megaspores which develop into female gametophytes (megagametophytes in megasporangia)
**Scales of each ovulate cone separate at maturity and seeds are dispersed by wind
*At germination, sporophyte embryo emerges as a seedling

56
Q

What is a cone?

A

Modified strobilus

57
Q

Describe conifers

A

Largest phylum of the gymnosperms; most have woody cones while some have fleshy cones.
Leaves are needlelike in some and scalelike in others
Most are evergreens
Some deciduous species drop their leaves in autumn

58
Q

What phylum do angiosperms belong to?

A

Anthophyta

59
Q

What two key adaptations do angiosperms have?

A

Flowers and fruit

60
Q

Floral Organs

A

-Modified Leaves
-Most flowers have 4
-sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

61
Q

Sepals

A

Usually green and enclose and protect developing flower bud

62
Q

Petals

A

Often brightly colored to attract pollinators (wind-pollinated flowers aren’t usually)

63
Q

Stamens

A

*microsporophyll (male reproductive organ)
*consists of a stalk (filament) with a terminal sac (anther)
*Microspores produced within anthers and develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes

64
Q

Carpels

A

Megasporophyll (female reproductive organs)
*Carpel consists of ovary at base of a style, leads up to sticky stigma that receives pollen
*ovary contains female gametophyte within ovule (fertilized ovules develop into seeds)

65
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Any imaginary line through central axis divides flower into two equal parts

66
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Flower can only be divided into two equal parts by a single imaginary line

67
Q

What are fruits?

A

Mature ovaries; they protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

68
Q

What types of fruits are there?

A

Fleshy or dry; fleshy are things like tomatoes, plums, and grapes, while dry include beans, nuts, and grains

69
Q

Where are angiosperm male and female gametophytes found?

A

Male: within pollen grains produced by microsporangia of anthers
Female: Within the ovule in the ovary, it’s also called an embryo sac (egg within embryo sac)

70
Q

Describe the double fertilization process

A

*Pollen is released from anther and carried to sticky stigma at tip of carpel
*Pollen grains germinate on stigma, producing pollen tube that grows down to the ovary
*Pollen tube penetrates micropyle, discharging two sperm cells
*One sperm fertilizes egg and forms diploid zygote
*Other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei in embryo cell, forms triploid cell called endosperm

71
Q

Micropyle

A

A pore in the integuments

72
Q

Endosperm

A

A triploid cell in the embryo sac that provides nutrients for the developing sporophyte

73
Q

What are angiosperms divided into?

A

Monocots and dicots/eudicots

74
Q

Monocots

A

One cotyledon

75
Q

Eudicots

A

Includes most once categorized as dicots (two cotyledons)

76
Q

What are the 2 major threats to plant diversity?

A

Habitat destruction
Loss of forests (reduces absorption of CO2, leading to global warming)

BIOL 1407 (7 decks)

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