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Year 9 Chemistry > Kinetic Theory > Flashcards

Kinetic Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

The states of matter:

At any given temperature all substances exist in one of these states of matter

A

Solid, liquid or gas

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2
Q

How can the differences between solids, liquids and gases be explained

A

By looking at the particles

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3
Q

What are all substances made up of

A

Particles

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4
Q

These particles are………to each other, some particles are………………to each other and others…….

A

The particles are attracted to each other. Some particles are attracted strongly to each other, and others weakly.

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5
Q

What do the particles do

A

Move around

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6
Q

What type of energy do particles have

A

Kinetic energy

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7
Q

What happens to the kinetic energy of the particles with temperature

A

It increases with temperature

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8
Q

Properties of solids

A

Shape- fixed
Volume - fixed
Particle movement - vibrate from side to side
Forces of attraction between particles - strong
Particle energy - low energy
Examples (at room temperature) - wood, pencil

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9
Q

Properties of liquids

A

Shape- takes the shape of the container
Volume - fixed
Particle movement - move around each other
Forces of attraction between particles - fairly strong
Particle energy - medium energy
Examples (at room temperature) - Water

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10
Q

Properties of gases

A

Shape- fills the entire container
Volume - no fixed volume
Particle movement - random in all directions
Forces of attraction between particles - weak
Particle energy - lots of energy
Examples (at room temperature) - air, oxygen, carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Changes of state:

Solid to liquid

A

Melting

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12
Q

Changes of state:

Liquid to solid

A

Freezing

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13
Q

Changes of state:

Liquid to gas

A

Evaporating

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14
Q

Changes of state:

Gas to liquid

A

Condensing

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15
Q

Some materials will change directly from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase e.g. carbon dioxide and iodine. The change of state from a gas directly to a solid is known as what

A

Sublimation

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16
Q

When does evaporation occur

A

When the particles in a liquid escape to form a vapour

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17
Q

What temperature can evaporation take place at

A

At any temperature but it occurs most rapidly at a liquids boiling point

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18
Q

When evaporation occurs why does the temperature of the liquid fall

A

Because the particles that escape take some energy from the remaining particles

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19
Q

Evaporation is another method of what

A

Heat transfer

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20
Q

When can you feel a heat change (evaporation)

A

You can feel an energy change as you stand wet and shivering at the side of a swimming pool. As the liquid on your body evaporates, it takes the energy it needs from your skin and you feel cold.

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21
Q

Not all………..evaporate at the same rate

A

Liquids

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22
Q

Not all liquids evaporate at the same rate experiment, observations and conclusion:

A

Liquid- water
Does it feel cool- yes
How quickly does it evaporate from your finger - slowly

Liquid - oil
Does it feel cool - no
How quickly does it evaporate from your finger - it doesn’t cool your finger, you have to wipe it off

Liquid - ethanol
Does it feel cool - yes, it was the coldest
How quickly does it evaporate from your finger - fast

Conclusion - not all liquids evaporate at the same rate

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23
Q

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called its what

A

Melting point (freezing point)

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24
Q

What is the melting point of pure water

A

0 degrees

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25
Q

The temperature of which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is called its what

A

Boiling point

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26
Q

The boiling point of pure water is what

A

100 degrees

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27
Q

Different materials have different what

A

Melting and boiling points

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28
Q

A measurement of melting or boiling points can be used to determine what

A

The properties of a substance

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29
Q

Room temperature is what

A

20 degrees

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30
Q

A solid has a melting point above what

A

20 degrees

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31
Q

A liquid has a melting point of what but a boiling point of what

A

A liquid has a melting point below 20 degrees but a boiling point above 20 degrees

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32
Q

A gas has a melting and boiling point of what

A

Melting point and boiling point below 20 degrees

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33
Q

What state is water at 25 degrees

A

Liquid

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34
Q

What state is water at 300 degrees

A

Gas

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35
Q

What state is water at -100 degrees

A

Solid

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36
Q

What state is water at 67 degrees

A

Liquid

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37
Q

What state is water at -25 degrees

A

Solid

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38
Q

What state is water at 116 degrees

A

Gas

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39
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 15 degrees and boils at 37 degrees

A

Liquid

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40
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 70 degrees and boils at 115 degrees

A

Solid

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41
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at -33 degrees and boils at 10 degrees

A

Gas

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42
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 10 degrees and boils at 18 degrees

A

Gas

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43
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 189 degrees and boils at 1089 degrees

A

Solid

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44
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at -66 degrees and boils at 66 degrees

A

liquid

45
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 0 degrees and boils at 88 degrees

A

Liquid

46
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 30 degrees and boils at 230 degrees

A

Solid

47
Q

What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at -125 degrees and boils at 15 degrees

A

Gas

48
Q

Studying temperature changes over a period of time ( what happens to a block of ice when you put a Bunsen underneath it): why do plateaus occur

A

The two flat regions (plateaus) occur because any heat energy put in is used to weaken the forces of attraction between the particles for some time (instead of heating the substance) so the overall temperature of the container does not increase.

49
Q

Studying temperature changes over a period of time ( what happens to a block of ice when you put a Bunsen underneath it):
Just like heating curves, cooling curves have horizontal flat parts where what happens

A

Where the state changes from the gas to liquid or from liquid to solid

50
Q

Studying temperature changes over a period of time ( what happens to a block of ice when you put a Bunsen underneath it):
What happens at the melting and boiling point

A

The temperature stays the same as energy goes into separating the particles

51
Q

Why do plateaus in cooling curves occur

A

Because any heat energy is given out as forces of attraction between the particles is set up, so the overall temp of the container does not decrease

52
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

What is a solute

A

A solids that dissolves in a solvent

53
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

What is a solvent

A

A liquid that dissolves in a solute

54
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

What is a solution

A

The mixture formed when a solute dissolves and mixes fully with a solvent.

55
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Solute + solvent —->

A

Solution

56
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Eg of solute + solvent —-> solution

A

Coffee granules + hot water —-> cup of instant coffee

57
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

What happens when a solute dissolves

A

It does not disappear, the particles simply mixes with the particles of the solvent

58
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Is calcium carbonate soluble in water

A

No because the calcium carbonate and water particles are not able to mix

59
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Is copper sulphate soluble in water

A

Yes because copper sulphate and water particles are able to interact and mix together

60
Q

What can mass not be

A

Created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form into another

61
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the random movement of particles, when particles diffuse, they spread out and mix with other particles

62
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Give an example of diffusion

A

the smell of perfume can be detected by people on the other side of a room because the perfume particles diffuse in the air

63
Q

What is the second definition of diffusion

A

Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The particles mix with other particles.

64
Q

Why do particles in liquids and gases diffuse easily

A

Because they are free to move around, however, it is possible for solids to diffuse as well

65
Q

Diffusion of bromine review

A

When the cover slip that separates the two gases is removed, the brown gas spreads to fill the two containers easily

66
Q

Why will particles of a gas diffuse faster

A

The gas particles are moving around faster than the particles in a liquid because they have more energy. This means that the gas particles will spread out more quickly.

67
Q

Expansion and contraction:

When we increase a materials temperatures what do we do to its particles

A

When we increase a material’s temperature, we increase the energy of its particles and the material will expand, regardless of whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas

68
Q

Expansion and contraction:

Expansion in solids

A

COLD - particles are sitting at room temperature and vibrating side by side

HOT - when the solid is heated, the particles vibrate more vigorously and nudge each other out of the way. The structure physically becomes bigger

69
Q

Expansion and contraction:

Why do solids expand on heating

A

Solids expand on heating because the more heat energy there is in the solid, the faster its particles will vibrate and they push their neighbours further away.

70
Q

Expansion and contraction:

Give an example of a problem caused when materials (a bridge) which are expanding and contracting occur

A

Bridges expand in the summer heat and need special joints to stop them bending out of shape

71
Q

Expansion and contraction:

What happens to the particles in a liquid when they are heated

A

They move around each other more and take up more room.

72
Q

Expansion and contraction:

How does a thermometer work

A

By expansion and contraction of the liquid inside it

73
Q

It is important to remember that it is the spaces between the particles that change size during expansion and contraction, the particles remain the same size.

A

WAS JUST A HELPFUL NOTE

74
Q

What is the definition of a heating curve

A

Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on heating

75
Q

What is the definition of a cooling curve

A

Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on cooling

76
Q

Definition of temperature

A

The amount of thermal energy that a material possesses

77
Q

Definition of kinetic theory

A

Describes the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases

78
Q

Definition of expansion

A

When the particles in a substance spread out - ie. The spaces between particles increases

79
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Is calcium carbonate soluble in water

A

No because the calcium carbonate and water particles are not able to mix

80
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Is copper sulphate soluble in water

A

Yes because copper sulphate and water particles are able to interact and mix together

81
Q

What can mass not be

A

Created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form into another

82
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the random movement of particles, when particles diffuse, they spread out and mix with other particles

83
Q

Dissolving and diffusion:

Give an example of diffusion

A

the smell of perfume can be detected by people on the other side of a room because the perfume particles diffuse in the air

84
Q

What is the second definition of diffusion

A

Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The particles mix with other particles.

85
Q

Why do particles in liquids and gases diffuse easily

A

Because they are free to move around, however, it is possible for solids to diffuse as well

86
Q

Diffusion of bromine review

A

When the cover slip that separates the two gases is removed, the brown gas spreads to fill the two containers easily

87
Q

Why will particles of a gas diffuse faster

A

The gas particles are moving around faster than the particles in a liquid because they have more energy. This means that the gas particles will spread out more quickly.

88
Q

Expansion and contraction:

When we increase a materials temperatures what do we do to its particles

A

When we increase a material’s temperature, we increase the energy of its particles and the material will expand, regardless of whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas

89
Q

Expansion and contraction:

Expansion in solids

A

COLD - particles are sitting at room temperature and vibrating side by side

HOT - when the solid is heated, the particles vibrate more vigorously and nudge each other out of the way. The structure physically becomes bigger

90
Q

Expansion and contraction:

Why do solids expand on heating

A

Solids expand on heating because the more heat energy there is in the solid, the faster its particles will vibrate and they push their neighbours further away.

91
Q

Expansion and contraction:

Give an example of a problem caused when materials (a bridge) which are expanding and contracting occur

A

Bridges expand in the summer heat and need special joints to stop them bending out of shape

92
Q

Expansion and contraction:

What happens to the particles in a liquid when they are heated

A

They move around each other more and take up more room.

93
Q

Expansion and contraction:

How does a thermometer work

A

By expansion and contraction of the liquid inside it

94
Q

It is important to remember that it is the spaces between the particles that change size during expansion and contraction, the particles remain the same size.

A

WAS JUST A HELPFUL NOTE

95
Q

What is the definition of a heating curve

A

Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on heating

96
Q

What is the definition of a cooling curve

A

Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on cooling

97
Q

Definition of temperature

A

The amount of thermal energy that a material possesses

98
Q

Definition of kinetic theory

A

Describes the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases

99
Q

Definition of expansion

A

When the particles in a substance spread out - ie. The spaces between particles increases

100
Q

Experiment: sublimation of a white solid powder:

Method

A

Place a small spatula of white solid into a boiling tube. Gently heat the solid at the top of a roaring Bunsen flame

101
Q

Experiment: sublimation of a white solid powder:

Results

A

The solid doesn’t melt, however there was no solid left at the end. The solid changed directly into a gas. This is known as sublimation

102
Q

Experiment: sublimation of a white solid powder:

Conclusion

A

The white solid changes directly from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase. This is known as sublimation

103
Q

What will diffuse faster, the particles of a gas or a liquid

A

Gas

104
Q

Increasing the temperature of gas does what to its particles and what does this cause the gas to do

A

Increases the energy of its particles and it causes the gas to expand

105
Q

Decreasing the temperature does what to its particles

A

Decreases the energy of its particles causing it to contract

106
Q

Changing the volume of a gas:

What does the volume of a gas depend on

A

It depends on the temperature and pressure of the gas

107
Q

Changing the volume of a gas:

Increasing the temperature of a gas will do what to its volume

A

Increase the volume

108
Q

Changing the volume of a gas:

Increasing the pressure of a gas will do what to its volume

A

decrease its volume

Year 9 Chemistry (6 decks)

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