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Functional Anatomy > Kinesiology - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Kinesiology - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinematics?

A

Study of movement without regard to forces

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2
Q

What is rotational movement? What are the other two names for it?

A

Circular movement around an axis, same direction and speed and number of degrees

angular movement/ OSTEOKINEMATICS

think: where did the bone move?

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3
Q

What is translational movement? What are two other names for it and an example?

A

Linear motion parallel, same direction and speed as every point on the object

Transitional / ARTHROKINEMATICS

think: what’s happening at joint surface?

Ex: slide, glide

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4
Q

Angular or translational movement?

Elbow while raising glass to mouth

A

Angular

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5
Q

Angular or translational movement?

Point on top of one’s head while walking forward

A

Translational

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6
Q

Angular or translational movement?

Hip while kicking a ball

A

Angular

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7
Q

Describe the fundamental position.

A

Anatomical position but palms face sides of body

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8
Q

How many planes of motion are there? Name them.

A

3, sagittal, transverse, frontal

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9
Q

SAGITTAL PLANE

what does it divide the body into?
axis of rotation?
example?

A

unequal right and left
Medial / lateral
Flex, ext, pf, df
Elbow, hip, shoulder, ankle

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10
Q

FRONTAL PLANE

what does it divide the body into?
axis of rotation?
example?

A

Front and back
Anterior and posterior
abd, add, RD, UD
Wrist

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11
Q

TRANSVERSE PLANE

what does it divide the body into?
axis of rotation?
example?

A

Upper and lower
Vertical
IR, ER
Hip, shoulder, spine

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12
Q

What is the max number of degrees of freedom?

A

3

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13
Q

How many DOF for the shoulder?

A

3

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14
Q

How many DOF for elbow?

A

1
Sagittal

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15
Q

How many DOF for wrist?

A

2
Sagittal and frontal

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16
Q

Describe normal muscle action.

A

Distal segment moves on a fixed proximal segment

Leg extension

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17
Q

Describe reverse muscle action.

A

Proximal segment moves on a fixed distal segment

Squat

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18
Q

Is kicking (hip) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Normal

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19
Q

Is stepping up on a curb (knee) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Reverse

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20
Q

Is throwing (shoulder) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Normal

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21
Q

Is a push up (elbow) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Reverse

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22
Q

What is a closed kinematic chain?

A

When the distal segment is FIXED in a movement

Squat, push up

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23
Q

What is an open kinematic chain?

A

Distal segment is NOT FIXED during movement

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24
Q

What can limit angular motion?

A

Shape of joint surface
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Muscle bulk
Musculotendinous structures
Bony structures
Pain

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25
Q

What are the two types of end feel?

A

Normal and abnormal

26
Q

What are the three types of normal end feel? Describe.

A

Hard: bone impact against bone, elbow

Soft: soft tissue approximation , forearm meets biceps

Firm: firm but slightly yielding stop from stretch of capsules, ligaments, other connective tissues
Capsular: slack in joint capsule is taken up
Elastic: musculotendinous slack is taken up and rebound is felt

27
Q

What is the type of abnormal end feel? Describe.

A

Empty: nothing stopping motion physically, just pain

Wrong time or quality

Ex: firm end feel in elbow when it should be hard

28
Q

What is a close packed joint position? Describe its characteristics.

A

Joint surfaces with max congruency, ligaments and capsules are taught

Best stability, resistant to distraction forces, limited accessory motion (no joint mobs)

Ex: knee in full extension

29
Q

What is an open packed joint position? What is another name for it? Describe characteristics.

A

Joint surfaces with most freedoms of movement, ligaments and capsules slackened

Aka loose or resting position

Increased translatoric movement, less compressive forces within joint, max movement of synovial fluid
Least tension on support structure

30
Q

What is arthrokinematics? Types? How does it occur?

A

Motions between Articular surfaces

Roll, glide, spin

Involuntary, occur due to muscle contraction, restored with joint mobs

31
Q

Describe roll in terms of arthrokinematics.

A

New equidistant points come into contact with new equidistant points of other surface

Ex: tires on pavement

32
Q

Describe glide in terms of arthrokinematics.

A

Same point contacts new points on other surface

Ex: like sliding on ice

33
Q

Describe spin in terms of arthrokinematics.

A

Single points rotating on a single point of the other surface

Ex: spinning a coin

34
Q

What is the concave / convex arthrokinematic rule?

A

When concave moves on a fixed convex surface, roll and glide in SAME direction

When convex moves on fixed concave surface, roll and slide are OPPOSITE directions

35
Q

Describe these terms:

Distraction
Approximation

A

Distraction: joint surface separation (traction)

Approximation: joint surface compression (test pain)

36
Q

What is kinetics? Describe the idea of internal and external forces.

A

Movement with regard to forces

Int: self contraction
Ext: outside force

37
Q

Name the types of forces possible on musculoskeletal tissue.

A

Tension
Shear
Bend
Compression
Torsion
Combined loading

38
Q

Describe the areas of the stress strain curve, including which is optimal

A

A: slight stretch and minimal tension

B: elastic zone, linear relationship

C: OPTIMAL, plastic zone: minimal increase in tension, micro failure and permanent tissue deformation

D: initial failure

E: complete failure

39
Q

Define the following terms:

Viscoelastic
Creep
Stress relaxation

A

Viscoelastic: stress strain tissues affected by time

Creep: progressive strain with constant load over time, increases with an increase in temperature

Stress relaxation: decrease in stress over time after sudden strain that is maintained

40
Q

Name and describe the types of muscle activation.

A

Concentric: muscle shortens, attachments move closer, move against gravity, acceleration motion

Eccentric: muscle elongates, attachments move farther, move with gravity, deceleration motion

Isometric: muscle maintains constant length

41
Q

Describe the following muscle terms:

Agonist
Antagonist
Co-contraction
Synergist
Force-couple

A

Agonist: Muscle responsible for the motion

Antagonist: doing opposite of agonist

Co-contraction: simultaneous agonist and antagonist contraction

Synergist: muscles work together to produce motion

Force-couple: 2 muscles creating forces in two different linear directions with torques in the same rotational direction
Ex: ppt, glutes and abs

42
Q

Describe active and passive tension.

A

Active tension: active contraction
Increase by: increase number of motor units, motor units with more muscle fibers, inc. cross bridge formation, muscles with larger cross section; volitional

Passive tension: resistance from connective tissues with stretch; non volitional

43
Q

When does a muscle have maximal formed crossbridges and tensions?

A

Midpoint

Full contraction or lengthened, tension decreases

44
Q

Describe tenodesis

A

Tendon action of a muscle

Ex: flex wrist, fingers will extend

45
Q

Describe passive insufficiency.

A

Muscle crosses multiple joints, length my not allow full ROM, occurs in antagonist

MUST CROSS 2+ JOINTS

46
Q

Describe active insufficiency?

A

Decreased ability to produce or maintain tension, occurs in agonist

When muscle has been excessively shortened or elongated to no cross bridge formation

Occur in 1+ muscle

Involves contraction - cannot go any more

47
Q

Describe mechanical advantage.

A

Ratio of internal movement arm to external movement arm

> 1 = good MA
< 1 = poor MA

48
Q

Give the common name, and describe the type of joint, the movement, as well as contents. Give examples.

SYNARTHROSIS

A

Fibrous joints

Bones joined by dense connective tissue
Negligible movement
No joint cavity

Suture, syndesmosis

49
Q

Give the common name, and describe the type of joint, the movement, as well as contents. Give examples.

AMPHIARTHROSES

A

Cartilaginous joints

Bones joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Restrained movement
No joint cavity

Interpubic and intervertebral

50
Q

Give the common name, and describe the type of joint, the movement, as well as contents. Give examples.

DIARTHROSES

A

Synovial joints

Contains synovial fluid filled cavity including: Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, capsule, synovial membrane, capsular ligaments, nerve, vessels

Extensive movement

Hinge, plane, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket, pivot

51
Q

What is Articular cartilage made of? Does it contain nerves and vessels? What is its purpose?

A

Specialized hyaline cartilage, with type II cartilage

No nerves or vessels, is nourished by diffusion of synovial fluid

Covers weight bearing surfaces, shock absorber, friction reduction

52
Q

What fibers are in fibrocartilage? What does it do?

A

Type I collagen, more stable

Forms IV discs, labrum, menisci, support and stabilize joints, dissipate compressive forces

53
Q

What makes up ligaments? What does a ligament attach? What is the purpose of a ligament?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue with low elastin fibers

Bone to bone
Reinforce joint and control motion

54
Q

What is a tendon made of? What does it attach? What is its purpose?

A

Type II collagen and elastin

Muscle to bone

Parallel arranged to handle tensile force

55
Q

What is the labrum made of? What is its purpose?

A

Fibrocartilage

Inc. depth of Articular surface, improve joint stability

56
Q

What are bursae? What is its purpose?

A

Sacs of synovial fluid

Reduce friction

57
Q

What is the purpose of fat pads?

A

Fill recesses from incongruent joints

58
Q

What are the uniaxial joints?

A

Hinge
Pivot

59
Q

What are the biaxial joints?

A

Condyloid
Saddle

60
Q

What are the triaxial joints?

A

Plane
Ball and socket

Functional Anatomy (3 decks)

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