Kinematics of trauma & fracture management Flashcards
Define MOI
Mechanism of injury: The method which the trauma occurred, describes the force acting on body to cause the injury along how and what body part
Why is the MOI important?
To later determine how severe the injury could be (role of health professionals) and creates a better expectation of the injury
What is IOS?
- Index of suspicion:
- Educated area on the possible injury that has occurred
- Your concern for potentially serious underlying injuries
- Based on the available findings in the patient
- MOI will help you form your IOS
- Refers to what our initial impressions of the likelihood of a disease or condition is
- A high index of suspicion means you consider the diagnosis a strong possibility
- A low index of suspicion means the converse
Define potential energy
Energy of position (mgh) when the athlete is in one immobile position or in the air
Define kinetic energy
Energy of motion, the athlete is falling
Define work
Transfer of energy, potential energy has completely transferred to kinetic energy resulting in the work done, which is commonly when the athlete has hit the floor
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one to another
If the speed of my athlete doubles, what happens to his energy?
It quadruples
TRUE OR FALSE: an object will remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force
TRUE: inertia
Define blunt trauma
Result of force to the body causes injury primarily without penetrating the soft tissue or internal organs and cavities produced by extreme exertion, fatigue and direct trauma
What are the common blunt traumas seen in athlete settings?
- Contusions
- Ligament injuries
- Fractures
- Dislocations
- SCI
- Internal organ damage
What are the predictions that must be made for sports related injuries?
- Kinematics forces involved
- Speed
- Equipment contributing to the injury
- Involvement of protective equipment
- Nature of sport
- Athlete’s level of skill
- Muscle attempt to prevent movement of broken bone/
Define closed fracture
Break in a bone where the skin over the site remains intact (the force put on the bone exceeds its capacity to withstand)
TRUE OR FALSE: closed fractures can only be incomplete
FALSE: the can be both
Define open fractures
A fracture in which the fractured bone breaks through the skin. Because of the open wound, there is an added risk of infection
TRUE OR FALSE: in an open fracture, the bone may go back in on its own
TRUE
Define displaced fracture
The fracture is complete, produces a deformity or distortion of the limb, can be shortened by the rotation or angulation of the bone
What are the signs and symptoms of fractures?
Pain, deformity, point of tenderness during palpation, swelling, guarding
If there is bleeding from the fracture, what speed does the swelling occur?
Fast
Why does general swelling take a few hours to show?
Due to fluid build up
What do we look for during secondary assessment that can indicate fractures?
- no room, locked joints
- crepitus
- bruising
- exposed fragments
- False motion, free movements
What are the two forearm fractures?
Smiths (wrist inward) and colles (wrist outward) fractures
What is the evaluation process of a fracture?
- UABCD
- MOI
- Age/gender
- Pain scale
- History of previous fractures
- Open fracture
When do you use a tuning fork?
When there is no deformity
What is the most common evaluation to test?
Tap test
Which side do you begin on when evaluating a fracture?
The good side, no pain
Define the Ottawa rule
A test that determines with a very high sensitivity when to obtain an ankle x-Ray series
What do you do when determined there is a fracture?
Rest
Immobilize
Cold
Elevate
TRUE OR FALSE: we compress a fracture
False
What are the principles of splinting?
- Support the injured part
- Expose the injury site
- Cover open wounds/ control bleeding
- Check distal PMSC
- Apply splint
- Stabilize the joint above and below the injury
- secure splint with triangular bandages
- recheck PMSC
- Apply ice if tolerable
- Elevate
What are the 5 p’s of fracture?
Pain Paralysis Pulse Paresthesia Pallor
Define a non-union fracture
When a broken bone does not succeed to heal
What are the problems that can occur with fractures?
- non-union
- Infection due to an open wound
- Shock
- Blood vessel entrapment
- Fat embolism
- Neural entrapment
Define a fat embolism
A process by which a fat emboli (fat particle) passes into the blood stream and lodges in the vessel
Which fractures create a horizontal break?
Transverse
Which fracture causes many small pieces of bones to shatter?
Communicated
Define an oblique fracture
Diagonal break of the bone, can be displaced or nondisplaced
Define serrated fracture
- 2 bony fragments rub against each other
- usually caused by a direct blow
- can cause extensive internal damage
- severance of vital blood vessels and nerves
Define greenstick fracture
Only one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent (ofter in children)
Define spiral fracture
A fracture that is spread along the length of a bone and produced by twisting stress
Name: occurs to the wall of the eye orbit as a result of a blow to the eye
Blowout fracture
What is a symptom of a blowout fracture?
Drop of eye due to lack of support
Depressed fractures are common where?
Flat bones
When a bone splits across its length it’s a?
Longitudinal fracture
A long bone receive such an impact it causes the osseous tissue to compress is called a?
Impacted fracture
Define avulsion fracture
A portion of the bone becomes fragmented at site of tendon attachement from a traumatic and sudden stretch of tendon
How does a stress fracture occur?
- Overuse
- Poor muscles balance
- Lack of flexibility
- Weakness in soft tissue
- Malnutrition
- Stresses on the body are greater than it can compensate
What are the symptoms of stress fractures?
- Pain
- Tenderness after activity
- No or little pain in the morning but the pain returns after activity
What are the different types of epiphyseal plate fractures?
Straight across Above Lower or below Two or through Erasure of the growth plate or crush
TRUE OR FALSE: you can see and epiphyseal plate fracture on an xray
FALSE: it will always show the plate clear
What direction does the force travel for an elbow fracture?
wrist-elbow
What are the symptoms for an elbow fracture?
- Painful and tender
- Bruising
- Swelling
- Deformity
- Cold,pale,numb
- Ability to move elbow-wrist is lost usually
what are some penetrating trauma causes?
- Caused by sharp objects
- Broken sport equipment
- Open injury
- Direct injury to the underlying structures
Define Penetrating trauma
Injury by object that primarily pierce and penetrate the surface of the body and causes damage to soft tissues, internal organs and cavities
Define a fracture
Is a disruption or change in the continuity of the bone
The break can occur at any point along a bone and in many different types of patterns
What is a failure point?
The point where there is too much energy on the bone and it fractures
What does SHARP stand for when looking for a fracture?
Swelling Heat Altered function Redness Pain
