Bleeding management Flashcards
Arteries take up what percent of your total body weight?
8%
How long does circulation in the body take?
75 sec
What is the total blood volume?
5-6 liters
If you have 30 % of blood loss, what happens?
Severe/fatal shock
What percent of blood loss only results in moderate shock?
15%
Define coagulation
Process of converting fluid to a solid/gel
How long does hemostasis take?
6-10 minutes
What condition leads to no clotting?
Large vessel lacerations, hemophiliacs, aspirin, large space lacerations
What are the signs of a life threatening bleed?
- Patient is confused or unconscious
- Loss of limb
- Bandages continues to soak in blood
- Blood spurting
- Blood won’t stop coming out of the wound
- Pool of blood under the patient
- Clothing soaked in blood
External bleed target which vessels?
Arterial, capillaries, venous
What is the difference between vein, capillary and arterial bleeds?
Artery: Spurts of blood, red color, pulsating flow
Vein: Dark red color, steady slow flow
Capillary: Slow even flow
What can be reasons for more bleeding?
Athlete just finished exercising
Anti-coagulants
Hypertensive individuals
Hemophiliacs
What are solid organs?
Liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries
What are hollow organs?
Stomach, large intestine, small intestine, gallbladder, bladder, bile ducts and ureters
TRUE OR FALSE: we should elevate pressure points
FALSE: never elevate
What is the last resort when dealing with major bleeds?
Tourniquet
How can you check if your tourniquet is tight enough?
The tip or your three fingers should not be able to slide under
TRUE OR FALSE: it’s okay to place a tourniquet over a joint
FALSE
Should your tourniquet be proximal or distal if bleeding is not apparent?
proximal
What are the 3 main steps when dealing with external bleeds?
Oxygen, prevent shock, treat shock
Define abrasion
The process of scraping or wearing away the skin
Define blister
Fluid filled lesion, located between epidermis and dermis
Define laceration
Irregular cut
Define puncture
Penetration of the skin and underlying tissues
Define avulsion
Complete separation of the skin
Define incision
Clean straight cut
Name the possible closed wounds
Ecchymosis
Hematoma
Effusion
Edema
Define ecchymosis
Medical term for the common bruise
A discoloration of the skin resulting from the bleeding underneath typically caused by bruising
What is the MOI for an ecchymosis
Impact
How do colors progress in ecchymosis
Red/purple, blue/black, brown, yellow
Aside impact and bleeding underneath, what else causes bruising?
Thin skin (elderly) and bleeding disorders
What is hematoma usually referred to as?
Cork
Define what and where hematomas will be found
Internal bleeding/pooling of blood outside an artery, found in tissue, space/organ (ex. fascia)
What is the MOI for hematomas
- Direct impact
- Blunt trauma or indirect post muscle tear
- Rupture
What is the primary cause for hematoma?
Trauma
What are other causes of hematoma (beside trauma)?
- Orthopedic injuries (fractures)
- Meds
- Aneurysm
- Viral infections
What are the symptoms of hematoma?
- Swelling
- Inflammation
- Tenderness
- Bruising /redness
- Warmth
- Pain
Define edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues
what happens when capillaries leak fluid?
The fluid builds up in surrounding tissues, leading to swelling
Where does edema occur?
Outside a joint
What are signs of edema?
- Swelling of tissue directly under the skin
- Shiny/stretched skin
- Skin retains dimple/pit
- Increased abdominal size
Where does joint effusion occur?
Around a joint
What are the causes of joint effusion?
Infection, arthritis, injury
Where are the common locations of joint effusion?
knee ankle shoulder elbow hip
If there is any blood or fluid loss coming form the ears and/or eyes, where is the injury?
Head
If there is any blood loss coming from the mouth, where is the injury?
Digestive track
If there is blood coming from your urethra, where is the injury?
Urinary track/ kidneys
Name the signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
- Rigid abdominal cavity
- Pain, tenderness, discoloration (ecchymosis), swelling (edema/hematoma/hemarthrosis)
- Dizziness
- Increased thirst
- Restlessness and anxiety
- Weak and helpless feeling
- Shallow and rapid breaths
- Cold and clammy skin
- Weak and rapid pulse
- Cap refill >2 seconds
- Dull eyes, enlarged pupils, blurred vision
What must be done to TREAT internal bleeds?
- Stop the bleed(s),
- Lie down and elevate the legs (not for head and chest injury)
- Loosen tight clothes
- Prepare for vomit
- Maintain airway
- Administer oxygen
- Prevent head loss
- Give nothing by mouth
- Record vitals
Nose bleeds are called?
Epistaxis
What causes a nose bleed?
Trauma causing capillaries to rupture
What is the epistaxis treatment?
Pinch nose, head flexion, sit and rest
What do you avoid doing during epistaxis?
Blowing and rubbing the nose, nasal spray, ice
Define ischemia
An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles (lack of adequate perfusion
What are the effects of hemmorage?
- Decrease in oxygen
- Decrease in blood pressure
- Decrease in blood supply
- Increase in HR to compensate for low BP
TRUE OR FALSE: we should apply antibiotic cream/ointment if possible and if there is no allergie
TRUE
