Bleeding management

Question 1

Arteries take up what percent of your total body weight?

Answer 1

8%

Question 2

How long does circulation in the body take?

Answer 2

75 sec

Question 3

What is the total blood volume?

Answer 3

5-6 liters

Question 4

If you have 30 % of blood loss, what happens?

Answer 4

Severe/fatal shock

Question 5

What percent of blood loss only results in moderate shock?

Answer 5

15%

Question 6

Define coagulation

Answer 6

Process of converting fluid to a solid/gel

Question 7

How long does hemostasis take?

Answer 7

6-10 minutes

Question 8

What condition leads to no clotting?

Answer 8

Large vessel lacerations, hemophiliacs, aspirin, large space lacerations

Question 9

What are the signs of a life threatening bleed?

Answer 9

1. Patient is confused or unconscious
2. Loss of limb
3. Bandages continues to soak in blood
4. Blood spurting
5. Blood won’t stop coming out of the wound
6. Pool of blood under the patient
7. Clothing soaked in blood

Question 10

External bleed target which vessels?

Answer 10

Arterial, capillaries, venous

Question 11

What is the difference between vein, capillary and arterial bleeds?

Answer 11

Artery: Spurts of blood, red color, pulsating flow
Vein: Dark red color, steady slow flow
Capillary: Slow even flow

Question 12

What can be reasons for more bleeding?

Answer 12

Athlete just finished exercising
Anti-coagulants
Hypertensive individuals
Hemophiliacs

Question 13

What are solid organs?

Answer 13

Liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries

Question 14

What are hollow organs?

Answer 14

Stomach, large intestine, small intestine, gallbladder, bladder, bile ducts and ureters

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE: we should elevate pressure points

Answer 15

FALSE: never elevate

Question 16

What is the last resort when dealing with major bleeds?

Answer 16

Tourniquet

Question 17

How can you check if your tourniquet is tight enough?

Answer 17

The tip or your three fingers should not be able to slide under

Question 18

TRUE OR FALSE: it’s okay to place a tourniquet over a joint

Answer 18

FALSE

Question 19

Should your tourniquet be proximal or distal if bleeding is not apparent?

Answer 19

proximal

Question 20

What are the 3 main steps when dealing with external bleeds?

Answer 20

Oxygen, prevent shock, treat shock

Question 21

Define abrasion

Answer 21

The process of scraping or wearing away the skin

Question 22

Define blister

Answer 22

Fluid filled lesion, located between epidermis and dermis

Question 23

Define laceration

Answer 23

Irregular cut

Question 24

Define puncture

Answer 24

Penetration of the skin and underlying tissues

Question 25

Define avulsion

Answer 25

Complete separation of the skin

Question 26

Define incision

Answer 26

Clean straight cut

Question 27

Name the possible closed wounds

Answer 27

Ecchymosis Hematoma Effusion Edema

Question 28

Define ecchymosis

Answer 28

Medical term for the common bruise | A discoloration of the skin resulting from the bleeding underneath typically caused by bruising

Question 29

What is the MOI for an ecchymosis

Answer 29

Impact

Question 30

How do colors progress in ecchymosis

Answer 30

Red/purple, blue/black, brown, yellow

Question 31

Aside impact and bleeding underneath, what else causes bruising?

Answer 31

Thin skin (elderly) and bleeding disorders

Question 32

What is hematoma usually referred to as?

Answer 32

Cork

Question 33

Define what and where hematomas will be found

Answer 33

Internal bleeding/pooling of blood outside an artery, found in tissue, space/organ (ex. fascia)

Question 34

What is the MOI for hematomas

Answer 34

- Direct impact - Blunt trauma or indirect post muscle tear - Rupture

Question 35

What is the primary cause for hematoma?

Answer 35

Trauma

Question 36

What are other causes of hematoma (beside trauma)?

Answer 36

1. Orthopedic injuries (fractures) 2. Meds 3. Aneurysm 4. Viral infections

Question 37

What are the symptoms of hematoma?

Answer 37

- Swelling - Inflammation - Tenderness - Bruising /redness - Warmth - Pain

Question 38

Define edema

Answer 38

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues

Question 39

what happens when capillaries leak fluid?

Answer 39

The fluid builds up in surrounding tissues, leading to swelling

Question 40

Where does edema occur?

Answer 40

Outside a joint

Question 41

What are signs of edema?

Answer 41

1. Swelling of tissue directly under the skin 2. Shiny/stretched skin 3. Skin retains dimple/pit 4. Increased abdominal size

Question 42

Where does joint effusion occur?

Answer 42

Around a joint

Question 43

What are the causes of joint effusion?

Answer 43

Infection, arthritis, injury

Question 44

Where are the common locations of joint effusion?

Answer 44

``` knee ankle shoulder elbow hip ```

Question 45

If there is any blood or fluid loss coming form the ears and/or eyes, where is the injury?

Answer 45

Head

Question 46

If there is any blood loss coming from the mouth, where is the injury?

Answer 46

Digestive track

Question 47

If there is blood coming from your urethra, where is the injury?

Answer 47

Urinary track/ kidneys

Question 48

Name the signs and symptoms of internal bleeding

Answer 48

- Rigid abdominal cavity - Pain, tenderness, discoloration (ecchymosis), swelling (edema/hematoma/hemarthrosis) - Dizziness - Increased thirst - Restlessness and anxiety - Weak and helpless feeling - Shallow and rapid breaths - Cold and clammy skin - Weak and rapid pulse - Cap refill >2 seconds - Dull eyes, enlarged pupils, blurred vision

Question 49

What must be done to TREAT internal bleeds?

Answer 49

- Stop the bleed(s), - Lie down and elevate the legs (not for head and chest injury) - Loosen tight clothes - Prepare for vomit - Maintain airway - Administer oxygen - Prevent head loss - Give nothing by mouth - Record vitals

Question 50

Nose bleeds are called?

Answer 50

Epistaxis

Question 51

What causes a nose bleed?

Answer 51

Trauma causing capillaries to rupture

Question 52

What is the epistaxis treatment?

Answer 52

Pinch nose, head flexion, sit and rest

Question 53

What do you avoid doing during epistaxis?

Answer 53

Blowing and rubbing the nose, nasal spray, ice

Question 54

Define ischemia

Answer 54

An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles (lack of adequate perfusion

Question 55

What are the effects of hemmorage?

Answer 55

1. Decrease in oxygen 2. Decrease in blood pressure 3. Decrease in blood supply 4. Increase in HR to compensate for low BP

Question 56

TRUE OR FALSE: we should apply antibiotic cream/ointment if possible and if there is no allergie

Answer 56

TRUE