Kin 3070 Exam 3

Question 1

What is Fatigue?

Answer 1

Inability to maintain the required power output to continue muscular work at a given intensity. (reversible by REST)

Question 2

What are some factors that can change how fatigue is accumulate?

Answer 2

-Type, intensity of exercise
– Muscle fiber type
– Training status, diet

Question 3

What are the four major causes of fatigue?

Answer 3

– Inadequate energy delivery/metabolism (ATP)
– Accumulation of metabolic by-products
– Failure of muscle contractile mechanism
– Altered neural control of muscle contraction

Question 4

What type of fibers are recruited and depleted first when fatigue occurs?

Answer 4

Type 1 are recruited first, type IIx are depleted first.

Question 5

What are the metabolic products of fatigue?

Answer 5

• Pi: From rapid breakdown of PCr, ATP
• Heat: Retained by body, core temperature
• Lactate: Product of anaerobic glycolysis
  -LACTATE not a problem
  H+ ions - BIG problem

Question 6

Short duration activities cause the production of?

Answer 6

H+ ions and Lactate

Question 7

Cells buffer with bicarbonate to do what?

Answer 7

To keep cell pH between 6.4 and 7.1. It helps manage pH levels to reduce fatigue.

Question 8

Intercellular pH lower than 6.9 causes what?

Answer 8

intercellular pH lower than 6.9, however, slows glycolysis (inhibits PFK) and ATP production…stimulates pain receptors!

Question 9

When Ph levels reach 6.4 what happens?

Answer 9

When pH reaches 6.4, H+ levels stop any further glycolysis and result in exhaustion.

Question 10

How long does it take for PCr and pH to recover after a sprint.

Answer 10

PCR 3 minutes
pH 30 minutes

Question 11

Bicarbonate does what to H+ to help manage fatigue?

Answer 11

Bicarbonate takes in the H+ and becomes H2Co3 which gets to the lungs and gets breathed out as Co2 and H2O

Question 12

Define Acute Muscle soreness

Answer 12

Acute muscle soreness results from an accumulation of end products of exercise in the muscles, especially H+ and Fluid accumulation (edema).

Question 13

Define the Neuromuscular Control Theory

Answer 13

This essentially says that when a muscle cramps its because you have overexerted yourself so your muscle spindles are stimulated too much and your golgi tendon organ is inhibited which causes muscles to contract uncontrollably.

Question 14

Define the Electrolyte Depletion Theory (Heat Cramps)

Answer 14

This theory states that muscle cramps happen due to excessive loss of electrolytes due to excessive sweating. To account for ion loss fluid shifts and the neuromuscular junction becomes hyperexcitable which releases too much acetylcholine and causes contraction excessively.

Question 15

What are the treatments for the two theories involved in cramping? (neuromuscular and electrolyte depletion theory)

Answer 15

For the neuromuscular theory you need to rest and do passive stretching.

For the electrolyte theory you need to drink electrolytes, massage them, and ice them.

Question 16

Describe Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness?

Answer 16

DOMS results mostly from eccentric action. It is associated with damage or injury to a muscle, this may be caused by the inflammatory reaction inside damaged muscles. This is usually felt 12-48 hours post exercise.

Question 17

Review the image of the heart!

Answer 17

Review the image of the heart!

Question 18

Myocardium tissue (heart muscle) thickness is dependent on what?

Answer 18

The stress placed on the chamber walls

Question 19

Which ventricle of the heart is the largest and most powerful

Answer 19

The left ventricle

Question 20

With vigorus exercise, which ventricle increases in size?

Answer 20

The left ventricle

Question 21

Due to intercalated disks (desmosomes) and gap junctions—impulses travel quickly in cardiac muscle and allow it to do what?

Answer 21

to act as one large network; all fibers contracting almost simultaneously. No motor-neuron required!

Question 22

Describe the fibers in cardiac muscle

Answer 22

Fibers are striated, high mitochondrial density and capillary density [Highly OXIDATIVE]

Question 23

Parasympathetic nervous system acts through the what to decrease heart rate and force of contraction?

Answer 23

The vagus nerve

Question 24

The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by stress to do what?

Answer 24

Sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by stress to increase heart rate and force of contraction. Dominant during exercise

Question 25

What role does Epinephrine and norepinephrine have in exercise and the heart?

Answer 25

Epinephrine and norepinephrine—released due to sympathetic stimulation (e.g. EXERCISE): – Increase heart rate – Increase force of contraction

Question 26

RHR tends to be what in adults?

Answer 26

60-100 BMP 60-85 is normal

Question 27

What is tachycardia?

Answer 27

This is when your RHR is 100BMP or higher, this is not normal and concerning

Question 28

What is Bradycardia?

Answer 28

This is when RHR is less than 60BPM, this can be due to a health issue, however in trained athletes this can be regular for them.

Question 29

What are the roles of the two atria and ventricles in the heart.

Answer 29

The two atria receive blood into the heart; the two ventricles send blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Question 30

The signal for the heart to contract is first generated in the?

Answer 30

The signal for the heart to contract is first generated in the sinoatrial (SA) node, also known as the pacemaker of the heart

Question 31

Define Systole

Answer 31

Systole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart contracts to pump blood out.

Question 32

Define Diastole

Answer 32

Diastole—relaxation (repolarization) phase during which the chambers fill with blood (T wave to QRS)

Question 33

What do the P waves, QRS Complex, and the T wave mean on an ECG

Answer 33

The P wave—atrial depolarization The QRS complex—ventricular depolarization (and hidden atrial repolarization) The T wave—ventricular repolarization

Question 34

Watch a video on heart contraction!

Answer 34

Watch a video on heart contraction!

Question 35

Define Stroke Volume

Answer 35

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped per contraction. Stroke Volume = End diastolic volume -End systolic volume

Question 36

Define End-systolic volume and End diastolic volume

Answer 36

End-diastolic volume (EDV)—volume of blood in ventricle before contraction End-systolic volume (ESV)—volume of blood in ventricle after contraction

Question 37

What is Cardiac Output?

Answer 37

Total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute Stroke Volume X Heart Rate = Cardiac Output (Q)

Question 38

What is the Ejection Fraction?

Answer 38

Proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat EF = SV/EDV This averages at 60% at rest

Question 39

Define Arteries

Answer 39

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that help handle high blood pressure from the heart’s pumping action. The largest artery in the body is the aorta, which branches into smaller arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues.

Question 40

Define Arterioles

Answer 40

Arterioles are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to capillaries. They help control blood flow and pressure by getting wider or narrower, like a faucet adjusting water flow. This helps make sure your organs and tissues get the right amount of oxygen and nutrients.

Question 41

Define Capillaries

Answer 41

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in your body. They connect arteries to veins and allow oxygen, nutrients, and waste to move between your blood and your body’s cells. Their thin walls make it easy for this exchange to happen.

Question 42

Define Venules

Answer 42

Venules are small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and carry it to veins. They help return oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Their walls are thin, allowing some exchange of fluids and nutrients between blood and surrounding tissues.

Question 43

Define Veins

Answer 43

Veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart from the body. They have thinner walls than arteries and contain valves that prevent blood from flowing backward. Veins work with muscles to help push blood upward, especially from the legs, back to the heart.

Question 44

Define Mean Arterial Pressure MAP

Answer 44

Its the average pressure exerted by the blood as it travels through arteries

Question 45

Define Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Answer 45

Vasoconstriction is when veins constrict and get smaller to increase pressure, vasodilation makes veins wider and pressure goes down

Question 46

Define Arterioles

Answer 46

These are the control system for Resistance (R) is essentially controls where the blood goes

Question 47

What is Extrinsic Neural Control and what does it have to do with blood flow?

Answer 47

These are sympathetic nerves within walls of vessels which stimulate during exercise generally causing vasoconstriction

Question 48

What is Local control (Autoregulation = Intrinsic)

Answer 48

This is the cause of vessels to dilate (vasodilation) This is through metabolic regulation, Endothelial mediated vasodilators, and myogenic responses

Question 49

When we exercise we get how much more total blood volume going through the heart?

Answer 49

About 5 times as much

Question 50

When we exercise how much blood increases to the muscles

Answer 50

Up to 25 times as much

Question 51

Why does blood flow to the skin increase during exercise?

Answer 51

Temperature Regulation

Question 52

At rest veins contain how much of the bodies blood?

Answer 52

2/3 of the blood 64%

Question 53

Describe Veins

Answer 53

-High capacity to hold blood volume – Elastic, balloon-like vessel walls – Serve as blood reservoir

Question 54

What are the 3 mechanisms that assist in venous return

Answer 54

-One way venous valves -Muscle Pump -Respiratory Pump

Question 55

What are the 3 major functions of blood?

Answer 55

-Transportation -Temperature Regulation -Acid Base (PH Levels)

Question 56

What is the average blood volume for men and women?

Answer 56

Men have 5-6 L Women have 4-5 L

Question 57

What are White Blood Cells, Blood Platelets, and Red Blood Cells?

Answer 57

White blood cells—protect body from disease organisms -Blood platelets—cell fragments that help blood coagulation -Red blood cells—carry oxygen to tissues with the help of hemoglobin [Life span: @4 months]

Question 58

Describe Red Blood Cells

Answer 58

- Replaced regularly via hematopoiesis - Life span ~ 4 months - Produced and destroyed at equal rate

Question 59

Describe Hemoglobin

Answer 59

– Oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells – 4 O₂ molecules per hemoglobin – Heme (pigment, iron, O₂) + globin (protein) – 250 million hemoglobin per red blood cell – Oxygen-carrying: 20 mL O₂ per 100 mL blood

Question 60

With endurance training what happens to blood in the body?

Answer 60

There is an increase in blood volume, plasma, red blood cells and hemoglobin

Question 61

What is blood Viscosity?

Answer 61

-Blood is twice as thick/viscous as water -The more viscous, the more resistant to flow -Higher hematocrits result in higher blood viscosity Increased blood lipids, blood glucose or RBC’s increase viscosity...increased risk for vascular damage. HTN adds to risk! Endurance Training: Ht and viscosity remain stable or MAY decrease otherwise, blood flow or O2 transport would suffer.

Question 62

Define Pulmonary Ventilation

Answer 62

This is inspiration and expiration. This is the amount of air you are taking in from the environment and putting out. So to find this we take tidal volume and breathing frequency and multiply them. TV X f = V

Question 63

Define Pulmonary Diffusion

Answer 63

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood. This removes CO2 from venous blood and this happens across a thin respiratory membrane.

Question 64

Define Tidal Volume

Answer 64

Tidal volume is the amount of air you breathe in or out during a normal, relaxed breath.

Question 65

What is Ventilation at rest?

Answer 65

5-10 L

Question 66

What are the regulators of pulmonary ventilation at rest?

Answer 66

-Higher Brain Centers -Chemical changes in the body (Secondary) -Muscle Mechanoreceptors (Biggest Factor) -Hypothalamic Input -Conscious Control

Question 67

Define Boyles Law

Answer 67

When the temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. Inhale: chest expands → volume increases → pressure drops → air flows in. Exhale: chest contracts → volume decreases → pressure rises → air flows out.

Question 68

Define Daltons Law

Answer 68

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas. Dalton's Law (also called Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures) says that in a mixture of gases, each gas contributes to the total pressure as if it were alone in the container. The total pressure is just the sum of the individual pressures of each gas. So if you mix oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide in a container, the total pressure is the pressure of oxygen + pressure of nitrogen + pressure of carbon dioxide.