Kin 3050 Exam 2

Question 1

Coordination is?

Answer 1

Coordination is the process of organizing a system’s available degrees of freedom.

Question 2

Control is?

Answer 2

Control is the manipulation of variables within a movement to meet the demands of a given situation. An example would be how hard you throw a tennis ball into a basket.

Question 3

Degrees of freedom are what?

Answer 3

Degrees of freedom are the human bodies independent variables, this can apply to each joint. So how you can do movement at each joint.

Question 4

The command center theory suggests what? The Dynamic theory?

Answer 4

The command center theory suggests that there is a command center in the brain that is responsible for all of the body’s movement. The dynamic theory states that there are too many variables in movement for one command center to take care of it all and that it relies on variables in the body and environment.

Question 5

A motor program is?

Answer 5

A motor program is an abstract idea of a movement plan that the brain has stored as memory that contains all motor commands required to carry out an action.

Question 6

A generalized motor program essentially states what?

Answer 6

A generalized motor program essentially states that there is not a motor program for each individual action we carry out and that one can attribute to a few different actions.

Question 7

Invariant features are?

Answer 7

Invariant features are things inside of a movement that make it specific to that motor program. Parameters are more flexible.

Question 8

The sequence of actions is?

Answer 8

The sequence of actions is the order of actions that you must follow in a specific order regardless of there being certain variables.

Question 9

Relative timing is?

Answer 9

Relative timing is the time that a movement takes throughout an entire motor skill or larger movement, the proportions of each time remain the same even when moving fast and slow.

Question 10

Relative force is?

Answer 10

Relative force is the proportion of force distributed throughout a muscle, this remains the same for the same movements even if something like weight is increased.

Question 11

Overall duration is?

Answer 11

Overall duration is the speed at which a skill is performed.

Question 12

Overall force is?

Answer 12

Overall force is the amount of force required to perform a task.

Question 13

Movement direction is?

Answer 13

Movement direction is the direction of the task you are doing, so when you throw darts at a dart board it can land in a few different spots.

Question 14

Schema is?

Answer 14

Schema is something in our brain that allows us to make adjustments to a skill based on previous experiences. So having a good schema in basketball would be practicing shots from short distances, medium, and long.

Question 15

Define an open loop control, and a closed loop control

Answer 15

An open loop control is something that does not change once it is sent out, a closed loop control is something that can change as it is being done.

Question 16

The dynamic systems theory states that?

Answer 16

The dynamic systems theory states that rather than a command center issuing demands for actions, movements are brought together by self organizing and interacting.

Question 17

Constraints are what?

Answer 17

Constraints are the boundaries that have a bearing on an individual’s movement capabilities.

Question 18

Individual constraints are?

Answer 18

Individual constraints are constraints that are involving a person’s body, weight, flexibility, height, body composition, etc.

Question 19

Environmental constraints are?

Answer 19

Environmental constraints consist of gravity or temperature.

Question 20

Task constraints are?

Answer 20

Task constraints are constraints that are imposed on us through the actual task we are performing, this can be goals, rules, or implements/machines.

Question 21

A constraints led approach is?

Answer 21

A constraints led approach is a learner centered approach that involves the manipulation of a task, performer, or environmental constraint.

Question 22

The hands off practitioner is?

Answer 22

The hands off practitioner is an environment that fosters individual learning and creativity.

Question 23

The central nervous system is?

Answer 23

The central nervous system is a large part of the brain where information is integrated, decisions are made, this is where signals are made and sent out. The peripheral nervous system is primarily made up of nerves that extend from the spinal cord and the brain to connect the body with the CNS.

Question 24

Exteroceptors are?

Answer 24

Exteroceptors detect stimuli outside of the body like pain, temperature, pressure.

Question 25

Interoceptors are?

Answer 25

Interoceptors detect stimuli inside of the body, like hunger, nausea.

Question 26

Proprioceptors are?

Answer 26

Proprioceptors are located in muscles and tendons and joints, they are responsible for body positioning and movement.

Question 27

What are rods and cones?

Answer 27

Photoreceptors are rods and cones. Rods are more numerous and help to see movement and shapes. Cones operate best in bright lights and are used for color vision and visual acuity.

Question 28

The focal system is?

Answer 28

The focal system which involves the fovea is primarily located in the central region of visual fields. It acts as the what is it?

Question 29

The ambient system is?

Answer 29

The ambient system is a subconscious thing that essentially tells us where I am and where is it. It helps us determine the speed and direction of movement.

Question 30

Eye dominance is?

Answer 30

Eye dominance is when one of your eyes is faster than the other so it processes information faster than the other. Those with eye dominance on the same side as their dominant hand are considered the same side dominant. If its reversed then its crossed dominant.

Question 31

Spotting is?

Answer 31

Spotting is when you focus on one spot while performing rotational movements like figure skating. Your head will rotate slightly slower than the body during this process. It helps avoid dizziness, and keeps someone oriented.

Question 32

Optic flow is?

Answer 32

Optic flow is the perceived visual motion of objects as observers are more relative to them. Like as you drive by a sign it gets bigger until you pass it. Optic flow is like your brain’s motion detector it helps you understand how you’re moving through the world by watching how things around you change. When you're riding a bike, the trees and buildings seem to move past you, telling your brain that you're going forward.

Question 33

Feedforward control is?

Answer 33

-Feedforward control is when we take in sensory information with our vision and make adjustments before you do it. So making adjustments on a steep hill before trying to go up it.

Question 34

Manual aiming is?

Answer 34

Manual aiming is transporting the hand to a target location. Prehension includes reaching for, grasping, and manipulating an object to achieve a goal.

Question 35

Golgi tendons are what?

Answer 35

Golgi tendons are located at the junction of a tendon with a muscle. When tension is applied to a tendon the golgi tendon tells the CNS the intensity of the contraction.

Question 36

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors are?

Answer 36

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors are located in and around synovial joints and respond to acceleration, deceleration, and strain on a joint.

Question 37

Vestibular apparatus is?

Answer 37

Vestibular apparatus is a collective group of receptor organs located in the inner ear, which responds to changes in posture and balance.

Question 38

Proprioceptors help us to?

Answer 38

Proprioceptors help us to interpret sensory information so we don’t only rely on vision.

Question 39

Using proprioception training in rehab is intended to do what?

Answer 39

Using proprioception training in rehab is intended to help people regain movement and balance sense for a muscle following inactivity, immobilization, or injury. A failure to reestablish proprioception could cause functional instability.

Question 40

The sensory memory is?

Answer 40

The sensory memory is a stimulus from a sensory receptor, it is a brief impression lasting a few hundred milliseconds where your brain decides if it needs further attention.

Question 41

Working memory is?

Answer 41

Working memory is a set of interacting information processing components that actively stores and manages information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks like learning. It’s like a temporary storage space that helps you think, solve problems, and remember things for a few seconds or minutes before they get saved or forgotten!

Question 42

Long term memory is?

Answer 42

Long term memory is having a seemingly endless capacity and duration, this is permanent learning.

Question 43

The decay theory and the interference theory state what?

Answer 43

The decay theory states that we forget things due to the passage of time. The interference theory states that forgetting can be attributed to old memories interfering with the retention of newly presented information.

Question 44

Describe characteristics of learners in the cognitive stage and explain what a practitioner can do for a learner in this stage

Answer 44

The cognitive stage is when a learner is first introduced to a new skill and needs a high degree of cognitive activity. Essentially they think about it a lot, and often have lots of questions about how a movement is performed. A practitioner can use good verbal instruction and demonstrations. A practitioner can also relate movements to past experiences to help them learn better.

Question 45

Describe characteristics of learners in the associative stage and explain what a practitioner can do for a learner in this stage

Answer 45

In the associative stage a learner has made performance improvements and is committed to refining one specific movement. A teacher can then manipulate key restraints to have the learner have new opportunities for action and adaption.

Question 46

Describe characteristics of learners in the autonomous stage and explain what a practitioner can do for a learner in this stage

Answer 46

In the Autonomous stage a learners movements have become automatic, this often doesn't even happen for many leaners in a skill. The attention of learners is now often able top go into more strategic concepts. Learners are often more confident and able to recognize mistakes themselves.

Question 47

Describe goals of a learner in the “Getting the Idea of the Movement” stage and explain what a practitioner can do for a learner in this stage.

Answer 47

In the getting the idea of movement stage a leaners goals include developing an understanding of the movement requirements you need to meet the demands of a motor skill and the environment it needs it be performed in. A teacher can facilitate basic movement development, how to go through the motion.

Question 48

Describe goals of a learner in the “Fixation/Diversification” stage and explain what a practitioner can do for a learner in this stage

Answer 48

A leaner in this stage has one goal and it is refinement. They refine the movement so they can perform it consistently in environments needed to do it in.

Question 49

What is a performance curve and what two important pieces of information can it give a practitioner?

Answer 49

A performance curve is a plot of results from repeated measurements of a specific movement, this can tell us if or how much improvement is being made and a leaner can make inferences of consistency based on successful trial.

Question 50

Define what a retention test and transfer test is

Answer 50

Retention Test: Assesses how well a learned motor skill is retained after a period without practice. Post-Test: Measures performance immediately after practice to evaluate learning progress.

Question 51

What is a performance plateau and what are reasons that they occur?

Answer 51

A performance plateau is when progress is halted, no changes in performance happen.

Question 52

What is the difference between explicit and implicit learning and why does that matter for the teaching movement?

Answer 52

Explicit learning is when you learn something intentionally, this often involves feedback and instructions. Implicit learning is when you learn something unconsciously through practice like developing better balance while riding a bike without being told how

Question 53

Define positive, negative, and zero transfer with examples of each

Answer 53

Positive Transfer: When learning one skill helps in learning another. Example: Learning to throw a baseball helps in throwing a football. Negative Transfer: When learning one skill interferes with learning another. Example: Switching from driving a manual car to an automatic and instinctively reaching for the clutch. Zero Transfer: When learning one skill has no effect on another. Example: Learning to swim does not impact learning to play chess.

Question 54

What is the Transfer Appropriate Processing Theory and how does it help a practitioner facilitate positive transfer?

Answer 54

This theory states that Transfer occurs when cognitive processes in practice match those in performance. (PROBLEM SOVLING SPECIFICALLY) They can design training that mimics real-game decision-making and problem-solving to enhance skill transfer.

Question 55

What is the Identical Elements Theory and how does it help a practitioner facilitate positive transfer?

Answer 55

This theory says that two skills that have movements in common have transfer, one helps do the other, picking up coins is transferable to picking up buttons. They can design practice drills that closely resemble real-game situations to improve skill transfer

Question 56

What instructional design methods can be used to facilitate positive transfer?

Answer 56

Variable Practice: Practicing in different conditions to build adaptability. Progressive Part Practice: Breaking skills into steps and gradually combining them. Contextual Interference: Mixing different skills in practice to enhance learning. Feedback and Cues: Providing guidance that aligns with real performance situations.

Question 57

What is guided discovery and how can it be used to teach a motor skill?

Answer 57

Guided Discovery is a teaching method where the instructor provides clues, questions, or challenges to help learners explore and discover solutions on their own. Examples include Present a Goal: Give learners a clear objective (e.g., "How can you generate more power in your jump?"). Provide Cues or Constraints: Limit options to encourage exploration (e.g., "Try using different arm positions and see what happens."). Encourage Trial and Error: Let learners experiment and adjust based on feedback. Reinforce Effective Solutions: Highlight successful strategies they discover.