Kin 101: Chapter 4 Flashcards
What does Respiration mean?
Double check slide show
It refers to the human metabolism
Thermodynamics 1
Law of the Conservation of Energy
Energy
Gives the ability to preform work
Thermodynamics 2
The physical process is irreversible, the entropy of the system and the environment must increase; the final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy
Transport Work
moving particles and concentration gradients
Chemical Work
Making and breaking chemical bonds
Mechanical Work
Contract muscles, moving organelles, changing cell shape, beating cilia + flagella
Forms of Energy
Kinetic and Potential
Reaction Rates (what to they take into account)
Change in the [reactions] or [products] per unit in time
How do Chemical Reactions use energy
Reactions transform potential energy into kinetic energy for growth, and maintenance
Types of Reactions
Combination
Decomposition
Single replacement
Double replacement
Slide 10
Activation Energy
The amount of energy needed in order to start a reaction
Free Energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Net Free Energy
Change determines reaction reversibility
Condensation
Is a combination: where gas has cooled back into a liquid form. An example is a glass of ice-cold soda sitting outside on a hot summer day.
Endergonic
Absorbing energy in the form of work
Hydrolysis
Is decomposition; dissolving a salt of a weak acid or base in water
Excergonic
Releasing energy in the form of work
Enzyme
Active/binding site interacts with a substrate to accelerate process from substrate to product. They can be used again and released back into the environment.
Isoenzymes
A group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different enzyme forms and catalytic efficiencies (lactate)
Affects on Enzymes
Activated, inactivated, or Modulated
Reversible Reactions
- one enzyme for both directions
- two enzymes to control reaction both ways
Irreversible Reactions
Lack the enzyme for the reverse reaction
Metabolism
All chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Catabolic
Energy-releasing breakdown
(promoting metabolic activity concerned with the breakdown of complex molecules and the release of energy within the organisms)
Anabolic
Energy-utilizing synthesis (promoting metabolic activity concerned with the biosynthesis of complex molecules)
Kilocalories
Energy released from or stored in chemical bonds
Calories
A unit of energy equivalent to the heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 °C
Intermediates
The relative location of an anatomical structure lying between two other structures
Proenzymes
A biologically inactive substance which is metabolized into an enzyme
Coenzymes
A nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme
NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H).” It occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy. Carrier of high energy electrons.
What does Oxygen act as in the Mitochondria membrane?
Electron Acceptor
What provides energy, but does not store it?
ATP
Glycolysis
1 glucose = 30 - 32 ATP
Beta Oxidation
1 triglyceride = 480 ATP
Aerobic Metabolism
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates
Anaerobic Metabolism
ATP production without oxygen
Comparmentalization (why and how add)
Concentrates enzymes and metabolites and also separates them, as a means of controlling reactions.
Transcription
Synthesis of a messenger RNA to mRNA, to tRNA, to rRNA
Translation
Assembly of amino acids into protein chains
Steps of Energy Metabolism
- Glycolysis - pyruvate and lactate
- Gluconeogenesis – glucose-6-phosphatase during to form glucose
- Glycogenesis – Storage as glycogen
- The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) – The generation of NADPH molecules allows fatty acid synthesis
Phosphorylation of ATP
NADH
Pyruvate
Double Phospholipid Bilayer
What are sugars and fats?
Fuel tank of the body
Are fats quick or slow in CAC?
Slow
What type of training speeds up ATP production?
After aerobic training you get way more citric acid cycle enzymes, more atp at quicker rate
What does negative feedback attempt to do?
Bring everything back to homeostasis
Glucagon
A peptide hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Hypoglycemia is physiologically the most potent secretory stimulus
Anything that needs to be contained can be described as what?
Internal Environment
Law of Mass Action
Dump into the side the reaction will proceed to equilibrium overall, must push reaction vs mass balance; the organism level, protein and bodybuilding
