Kin 101: Chapter 1 Flashcards
Physiology
Study of a normal functioning living organism
Emergent Properties
Properties that can not be predicted to exist
Levels of Organization of Physiology
Chemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Physiology, and Ecology
Organ Systems of the Human Body (Name 5)
Circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, musculskeletal, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, urinary
Mapping
Shows how structure and function is integrated, may use a feedback loop
Positive Feedback
Response reinforces stimuli; not homeostatic
Negative Feedback
Response counters stimuli, shutting the response loop; homeostatic
Physiology has two sub categories, what are they?
Function and Mechanism; through a process creating translational research
Function; in terms of physiology
Why
Mechanism; in terms of physiology
How
The 4 Themes of Physiology
- Structure and Function
- Living organisms need energy
- Information flow coordinates body functions
- Homeostasis
How does Structure and Function work
Molecular Interactions: ability of molecule to bind or react
Compartmentation: allows body systems space to isolate functions
Living Organisms need?
Needs a continuous output of energy using the building and breaking down of molecules
How does information flow coordinates body functions
It has local to long-distance communication and how the message is presented
Homeostasis maintains?
Balance against internal and external factors
Homeostasis ≠
≠ equilibrium, relatively stable environment
Extracellular Fluid
Watery environment surrounding cells (Na+) buffer between cells and the outside world
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid within cells (K+)
Law of Mass Balance
Any substance you gain, must be offset by equal loss. Breathing would be a good example.
Homeostasis depends on mass balance with 4 key factors
Load: amount of a substance
Excretion clears substances
Mass flow: rate of transport
Clearance: the rate of which a substance disappears from the blood
What does Regulated Variables mean?
Variables that are kept within normal range by control mechanisms. Homeostasis attempts to keep values in check
Local Control
Restricted to a local tissue or cell
What is the function of Reflex Control
Uses long-distance signalling to respond to stimuli
Reflex Pathway
Neural pathway that controls reflex
Oscillation
Movement back and forth at a regular speed; helps to maintain homeostasis
Variability in Physiology
Wide genetic and environmental variability
Cross-Over Study
Each individual acts as their own control, enabling researchers to see the effect of the drug in each participant, rather than between two groups, which helps deal with variability between participants
Psychological Factors (in a study)
Placebo, Nocebo, which can be controlled by a blind study or a double blind study
Nocebo Effect
If you give someone a pill and tell them it may have an adverse side effect, that side effect may be observed
Endocrine
A messenger system in an organism with feedback loops of hormones that are get released into the body
What are the two fundamental body systems?
Nervous and Endocrine
Cells are in direct contact with?
Extracellular fluid
What is the amount of substance a body can hold called?
The bodies load
Response loop has three primary components
input, integrating, and output
What does a Teleological Approach explain?
Why events happen
What does a Mechanistic Approach explain?
How events they happen
Circadian Rhythm
Daily fluctuations of body functions
