Kin 101: Chapter 1

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

Study of a normal functioning living organism

Question 2

Emergent Properties

Answer 2

Properties that can not be predicted to exist

Question 3

Levels of Organization of Physiology

Answer 3

Chemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Physiology, and Ecology

Question 4

Organ Systems of the Human Body (Name 5)

Answer 4

Circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, musculskeletal, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, urinary

Question 5

Mapping

Answer 5

Shows how structure and function is integrated, may use a feedback loop

Question 6

Positive Feedback

Answer 6

Response reinforces stimuli; not homeostatic

Question 7

Negative Feedback

Answer 7

Response counters stimuli, shutting the response loop; homeostatic

Question 8

Physiology has two sub categories, what are they?

Answer 8

Function and Mechanism; through a process creating translational research

Question 9

Function; in terms of physiology

Answer 9

Why

Question 10

Mechanism; in terms of physiology

Answer 10

How

Question 11

The 4 Themes of Physiology

Answer 11

1. Structure and Function
2. Living organisms need energy
3. Information flow coordinates body functions
4. Homeostasis

Question 12

How does Structure and Function work

Answer 12

Molecular Interactions: ability of molecule to bind or react
Compartmentation: allows body systems space to isolate functions

Question 13

Living Organisms need?

Answer 13

Needs a continuous output of energy using the building and breaking down of molecules

Question 14

How does information flow coordinates body functions

Answer 14

It has local to long-distance communication and how the message is presented

Question 15

Homeostasis maintains?

Answer 15

Balance against internal and external factors

Question 16

Homeostasis ≠

Answer 16

≠ equilibrium, relatively stable environment

Question 17

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 17

Watery environment surrounding cells (Na+) buffer between cells and the outside world

Question 18

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 18

Fluid within cells (K+)

Question 19

Law of Mass Balance

Answer 19

Any substance you gain, must be offset by equal loss. Breathing would be a good example.

Question 20

Homeostasis depends on mass balance with 4 key factors

Answer 20

Load: amount of a substance
Excretion clears substances
Mass flow: rate of transport
Clearance: the rate of which a substance disappears from the blood

Question 21

What does Regulated Variables mean?

Answer 21

Variables that are kept within normal range by control mechanisms. Homeostasis attempts to keep values in check

Question 22

Local Control

Answer 22

Restricted to a local tissue or cell

Question 23

What is the function of Reflex Control

Answer 23

Uses long-distance signalling to respond to stimuli

Question 24

Reflex Pathway

Answer 24

Neural pathway that controls reflex

Question 25

Oscillation

Answer 25

Movement back and forth at a regular speed; helps to maintain homeostasis

Question 26

Variability in Physiology

Answer 26

Wide genetic and environmental variability

Question 27

Cross-Over Study

Answer 27

Each individual acts as their own control, enabling researchers to see the effect of the drug in each participant, rather than between two groups, which helps deal with variability between participants

Question 28

Psychological Factors (in a study)

Answer 28

Placebo, Nocebo, which can be controlled by a blind study or a double blind study

Question 29

Nocebo Effect

Answer 29

If you give someone a pill and tell them it may have an adverse side effect, that side effect may be observed

Question 30

Endocrine

Answer 30

A messenger system in an organism with feedback loops of hormones that are get released into the body

Question 31

What are the two fundamental body systems?

Answer 31

Nervous and Endocrine

Question 32

Cells are in direct contact with?

Answer 32

Extracellular fluid

Question 33

What is the amount of substance a body can hold called?

Answer 33

The bodies load

Question 34

Response loop has three primary components

Answer 34

input, integrating, and output

Question 35

What does a Teleological Approach explain?

Answer 35

Why events happen

Question 36

What does a Mechanistic Approach explain?

Answer 36

How events they happen

Question 37

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 37

Daily fluctuations of body functions