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Kin 101 - Midterm 1 > Kin 101: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Kin 101: Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

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2
Q

Compartmentalized

A

Promotes metabolic efficiency by enhancing the physical proximity of components in functionally related pathways and separating them from potentially competing processes

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3
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids, storage of chemical energy

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4
Q

Translation

A

The process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

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5
Q

Body Cavities

A

Separated from one
another by bones and tissues

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6
Q

Lumen

A

Interior of any hollow organ, could be filled with air or fluid, is an extension of external environment

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7
Q

Physical Isolation

A

Physical barrier that separates ICF from
ECF

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8
Q

What does regulation of exchange with the environment control?

A

Controls entry of ions & nutrients, elimination of wastes, release of products

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9
Q

Communication between the cell and its environment

A

Proteins enable the cell to recognize and respond to molecules or changes in the external environment

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10
Q

Structural support

A

Membrane proteins anchor the cytoskeleton to maintain cell shape or create junctions between adjacent cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix

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11
Q

Secretion

A

When a cell releases a substance to the ECF

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12
Q

What is a Cell Membrane

A

Thin layer of lipids that separate the
inside and outside of the cell

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13
Q

What are Membrane made of?

A

Mostly lipids and proteins

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14
Q

How do membrane lipids create a hydrophobic barrier

A

In an aqueous solution, phospholipids align so their polar heads interact with water while the nonpolar fatty acid tails “hide” by putting the polar heads between themselves and the water

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15
Q

Micelles

A

Droplets of phospholipids, are important for lipid digestion

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16
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins

A

Peripheral Proteins: attach to membrane proteins by noncovalent interactions, removal does not disrupt membrane integrity
Integral Proteins: tightly bound to the membrane, removal disrupts membrane integrity

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17
Q

What is Cytoplasm made of?

A

Cytosol, Membrane Organelle (mitochondria) , Inclusions, and Protein Fibres (cytoskeleton)

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18
Q

What are Inclusions?

A

Are substances in the ICF that do not have
boundary membranes

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19
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton described as?

A

A changeable scaffolding

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20
Q

What are Motor Proteins?

A

They convert every into directed movement. They use energy in ATP to propel themselves along cytoskeleton fibres

21
Q

Myosins

A

An example of a Motor Protein, bind to actin fibres (provide mechanical support) and help with muscle contraction

22
Q

Need to know Organelles (4)

A

– MITOCHONDRIA
– ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM +RIBOSOMES
– GOLGI APPARATUS
– SECRETORY/STORAGE VESICLES

23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Protein modification and packaging

25
Q

ER

A

Rough ER: main sight of protein synthesis and Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids

26
Q

What are the two Cytoplasm Vesicles

A

Secretory vesicles; are release from cell with proteins and storage vesicles; fixed to cytoplasm

27
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

The biological process whereby amino acids are assembled by peptide bonding into specific polypeptide sequences in accord with genetic blueprints encoded by deoxyribonucleic acid

28
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

Epithelia, Connective, Neural, Muscle

29
Q

Epithelial Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

A
  • skin,
  • covers surfaces and line cavities
  • thin, medium, or big
  • no blood supply
30
Q

Connective Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

A
  • facia, ligaments, and tendons
  • anchor muscle to bone & epi tissue
  • irregular matrix
  • a lot less blood supply than muscle
31
Q

Muscle Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

A
  • heart, bladder, bicep
  • cardiac, smooth, skeletal
  • long *cardiac is branched
  • excitable & highly vascularized
31
Q

Nueral Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

A
  • neuron
  • everywhere (CNS/PNS)
  • network
  • electrical signalling/excitabole
31
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissue, structure, and function

32
Q

Epithelial Tissue protects what?

A

The internal environment by acting as a barrier inside and outside or organs. Any substance must cross a epithelium

33
Q

Connective tissue provides?

A

Structural support, and protection from invaders

34
Q

Muscle Tissues functions?

A

Can contract and produce force and
movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bones and are responsible for gross movement of the body

35
Q

Neural Tissues functions?

A

Includes two types of cells, neurons, or
nerve cells, which carry chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another. Glial cells, or neuroglia, are the support cells for neurons

36
Q

Glial Cells

A

Aid in the maintenance of homeostasis, and form myelin

37
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Holds cells together, growth and development of cell death

38
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Membrane proteins and extracellular matrix that hold cells together to form tissues

39
Q

Cell-adhesion molecules

A

Membrane-spanning proteins responsible both for cell junctions and for transient
cell adhesions

40
Q

Two Types of Cell Death

A

Necrosis, and Apoptosis

41
Q

Necrosis

A

Cells die from physical trauma, toxins, or
lack of oxygen (may damage adjacent cells triggering inflammatory response)

42
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, regulated by
chemical signals (Does not damage adjacent cells)

43
Q

Stem Cells

A

They have the potential to develop into any tissue because they are undifferentiated

44
Q

What does it mean when something is Interstitial

A

Situated within, but not restricted to or characteristic of a particular organ or tissue

45
Q

When Glucose enters the body, what is its pathway?

A

Intracellular, Interstitial, and Plasma

46
Q

What is the cell membrane made of?

A

Lipids & Proteins

47
Q
A

Kin 101 - Midterm 1 (5 decks)

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