Kin 101: Chapter 3 Flashcards
Transcription
The process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence
Compartmentalized
Promotes metabolic efficiency by enhancing the physical proximity of components in functionally related pathways and separating them from potentially competing processes
Nucleotide
Building blocks of nucleic acids, storage of chemical energy
Translation
The process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)
Body Cavities
Separated from one
another by bones and tissues
Lumen
Interior of any hollow organ, could be filled with air or fluid, is an extension of external environment
Physical Isolation
Physical barrier that separates ICF from
ECF
What does regulation of exchange with the environment control?
Controls entry of ions & nutrients, elimination of wastes, release of products
Communication between the cell and its environment
Proteins enable the cell to recognize and respond to molecules or changes in the external environment
Structural support
Membrane proteins anchor the cytoskeleton to maintain cell shape or create junctions between adjacent cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix
Secretion
When a cell releases a substance to the ECF
What is a Cell Membrane
Thin layer of lipids that separate the
inside and outside of the cell
What are Membrane made of?
Mostly lipids and proteins
How do membrane lipids create a hydrophobic barrier
In an aqueous solution, phospholipids align so their polar heads interact with water while the nonpolar fatty acid tails “hide” by putting the polar heads between themselves and the water
Micelles
Droplets of phospholipids, are important for lipid digestion
What are the two types of membrane proteins
Peripheral Proteins: attach to membrane proteins by noncovalent interactions, removal does not disrupt membrane integrity
Integral Proteins: tightly bound to the membrane, removal disrupts membrane integrity
What is Cytoplasm made of?
Cytosol, Membrane Organelle (mitochondria) , Inclusions, and Protein Fibres (cytoskeleton)
What are Inclusions?
Are substances in the ICF that do not have
boundary membranes
What is the Cytoskeleton described as?
A changeable scaffolding
What are Motor Proteins?
They convert every into directed movement. They use energy in ATP to propel themselves along cytoskeleton fibres
Myosins
An example of a Motor Protein, bind to actin fibres (provide mechanical support) and help with muscle contraction
Need to know Organelles (4)
– MITOCHONDRIA
– ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM +RIBOSOMES
– GOLGI APPARATUS
– SECRETORY/STORAGE VESICLES
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
Protein modification and packaging
ER
Rough ER: main sight of protein synthesis and Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids
What are the two Cytoplasm Vesicles
Secretory vesicles; are release from cell with proteins and storage vesicles; fixed to cytoplasm
Protein Synthesis
The biological process whereby amino acids are assembled by peptide bonding into specific polypeptide sequences in accord with genetic blueprints encoded by deoxyribonucleic acid
4 Types of Tissue
Epithelia, Connective, Neural, Muscle
Epithelial Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)
- skin,
- covers surfaces and line cavities
- thin, medium, or big
- no blood supply
Connective Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)
- facia, ligaments, and tendons
- anchor muscle to bone & epi tissue
- irregular matrix
- a lot less blood supply than muscle
Muscle Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)
- heart, bladder, bicep
- cardiac, smooth, skeletal
- long *cardiac is branched
- excitable & highly vascularized
Nueral Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)
- neuron
- everywhere (CNS/PNS)
- network
- electrical signalling/excitabole
Histology
The study of tissue, structure, and function
Epithelial Tissue protects what?
The internal environment by acting as a barrier inside and outside or organs. Any substance must cross a epithelium
Connective tissue provides?
Structural support, and protection from invaders
Muscle Tissues functions?
Can contract and produce force and
movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bones and are responsible for gross movement of the body
Neural Tissues functions?
Includes two types of cells, neurons, or
nerve cells, which carry chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another. Glial cells, or neuroglia, are the support cells for neurons
Glial Cells
Aid in the maintenance of homeostasis, and form myelin
Extracellular Matrix
Holds cells together, growth and development of cell death
Cell Junctions
Membrane proteins and extracellular matrix that hold cells together to form tissues
Cell-adhesion molecules
Membrane-spanning proteins responsible both for cell junctions and for transient
cell adhesions
Two Types of Cell Death
Necrosis, and Apoptosis
Necrosis
Cells die from physical trauma, toxins, or
lack of oxygen (may damage adjacent cells triggering inflammatory response)
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, regulated by
chemical signals (Does not damage adjacent cells)
Stem Cells
They have the potential to develop into any tissue because they are undifferentiated
What does it mean when something is Interstitial
Situated within, but not restricted to or characteristic of a particular organ or tissue
When Glucose enters the body, what is its pathway?
Intracellular, Interstitial, and Plasma
What is the cell membrane made of?
Lipids & Proteins
