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Microanatomy Exam 4 > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

What species have unilobar kidneys?

A
  1. Dog
  2. Cat
  3. Horse
  4. Small ruminant
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2
Q

Structure of unilobar kidney

A
  1. Single lobe formed by fusion of several lobes
  2. No obvious pyramid
  3. Renal crest
  4. Collecting ducts feed into renal pelvis
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3
Q

What species have multilobar kidney?

A
  1. Cow
  2. Pig
  3. Primate
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4
Q

Structure of multilobar kidney

A
  1. Apex of each lobe directed toward sinus → forms papilla

2. Major and minor calices

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5
Q

Kidney surface in pigs and primates

A

Smooth

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6
Q

Bovine kidney surface

A

Has fissures

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7
Q

2 parts of each renal lob

A
  1. Outer cortex

2. Inner medulla

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8
Q

2 parts of outer renal cortex

A
  1. Cortical labyrinth (pars convoluta)

2. Medullary rays (pars radiata)

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9
Q

Cortical labyrinth aka?

A

Pars convoluta

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10
Q

Medullary rays aka?

A

Pars radiata

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11
Q

2 parts of inner renal medulla

A
  1. Loops of Henle

2. Collecting dugs

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12
Q

What are area cribosa?

A

Tiny opening in papilla which collecting ducts open through

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13
Q

After opening through area cribusa, how does urine drain?

A

Into minor calyx →

Major calyx (multilobar) OR
Renal pelvis (unilobar)
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14
Q

What is pars convoluta?

A

Part of renal cortex which contains renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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15
Q

What is pars radiata?

A

Part of renal cortex alternating with pars convoluta consisting of collecting tubules and straight portions of nephrons

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16
Q

What is a renal lobule?

A

1 medullary ray + 1/2 of pars convoluta on either side, bordered by interlobular aa.

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17
Q

Arterial renal blood supply

A
  1. Renal a. →
  2. Segmental a. →
  3. Interlobar a. →
  4. Arcuate a. →
  5. Interlobular a. →
  6. Afferent arteriole →
  7. Glomerulus →
  8. Efferent arteriole
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18
Q

Blood in efferent arteriole enters?

A
  1. Peritubular capillaries

2. Vasa recta

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19
Q

Peritubular capillaries are associated with?

A

Convoluted tubules

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20
Q

Vasa recta are associated with?

A

Loop of Henle

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21
Q

Glomerulus may also be called?

A

Renal corpuscle

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22
Q

Venous renal blood supply

A
  1. Interlobular v. →
  2. Arcuate v. →
  3. Interlobar v. →
  4. Renal v.
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23
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Uriniferous tubule

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24
Q

2 parts of uriniferous tubule

A
  1. Nephron

2. Collecting duct

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25
Q

Function of nephron

A

Produces urine

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26
Q

2 parts of nephron

A
  1. Renal corpuscle

2. Renal tubules

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27
Q

Collecting duct function

A

Collects, concentrates and transports urine

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28
Q

Is collecting duct part of a nephron?

A

Most definitely not. Absolutely not. Not at all.

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29
Q

Parts of renal corpuscle

A
  1. Glomerulus

2. Glomerular capsule

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30
Q

Layers of glomerular capsule

A
  1. Visceral layer
  2. Parietal layer
  3. Capsule space
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31
Q

Parts of renal tubule

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. Connecting tubule → empties into collected duct
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32
Q

Parts of loop of Henle

A
  1. Proximal straight tubule
  2. Thin descending limb
  3. Thin ascending limb
  4. Thick ascending limb
33
Q

Bowman’s capsule aka?

A

Glomerular capsule

34
Q

Glomerulus connects?

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles

35
Q

Visceral layer of renal corpuscle lines?

A

Arterioles

36
Q

Parietal layer of capsule lines?

A

External capsule

37
Q

Parietal layer is lined by what cells?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

38
Q

Visceral layer is lined by what cells?

A

Podocytes

39
Q

What is the vascular pole?

A

Where afferent and efferent arterioles enter/leave

40
Q

What is the urinary pole?

A

Where proximal tubule originates

41
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Epithelial cells lining visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

42
Q

What are pedicels?

A

Long cytoplasmic processes of podocytes which interdigitate to form filtration slits

43
Q

Pedicels are also known as?

A

Foot processes

44
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

Phagocytic cells found between capillaries of glomerulus which have cytoplasmic processes between endothelial cells → cleans GBM of particulate matter

45
Q

Filtration barrier is formed by?

A
  1. Fenestrated capillary epithelium
  2. Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
  3. Filtration slit between podocytes
46
Q

GBM is formed by?

A

Fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes

47
Q

GBM blocks what from draining into the filtrate?

A

Large proteins

48
Q

Filtration slits block what from draining into the filtrate?

A

Small proteins

49
Q

Filtrate includes?

A
  1. Water
  2. Glucose
  3. AAs
  4. Ions
  5. Urea
  6. Hormones
  7. Vitamins B and C
  8. Ketones
  9. Small amount of protein
50
Q

How is GBM diffderent than other basement membranes?

A

Thicker

51
Q

3 layers of GBM

A
  1. Lamina rara interna
  2. Lamina densa
  3. Lamina rara externa
52
Q

The lamina rara layers of GBM are made of?

A

Heparan sulfate

53
Q

Lamina densa of GBM is made of?

A

Type IV collagen

54
Q

GBM filters substances by?

A

Size and charge

55
Q

How does GBM filter substance by size?

A

Type IV collagen

56
Q

How does GBM filter substance by charge?

A

Negatively charged heparan sulfate

57
Q

3 activities of renal function

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
58
Q

Major hormone which influences reabsorption process

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

59
Q

Which substances are active transported into the uriniferous tubules?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. AAs
  3. Na
60
Q

Sodium is mainly reabsorbed where?

A

PCT and Loop of Henle

61
Q

What influences amount of urea in urine?

A

Extent of water reabsorption

62
Q

3 secreted substances

A
  1. Endogenous compounds
  2. Exogenous compounds (drugs)
  3. Water and ions
63
Q

Function of tubular epithelium is determined by?

A
  1. Asymmetric distribution of channels and transporters

2. Permeability of zona occludens (paracellular transport)

64
Q

Epithelium of PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)

A

Simple cuboidal with brush boder

65
Q

Longest part of the nephron

A

PCT (fill up most of cortex)

66
Q

Epithelium of thin Loop of Henle

A

Simple squamous

67
Q

Function of thin Loop of Henle

A

Passive reabsorption of Na and Cl

68
Q

Loop of Henle is located in?

A

Medulla

69
Q

Epithelium of thick Loop of Henle

A

Simple cuboidal

70
Q

Function of thick Loop of Henle

A

Active electrolyte reabsorption

71
Q

DCT epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal with short microvilli

Emptier lumen

72
Q

2 types of cells in collecting ducts

A

Principal and intercalated cels

73
Q

Functions of principal cells

A

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes

K secretion

74
Q

Functions of principal cells

A

K reabsorption

75
Q

JG apparatus

A

Found between vascular pole and returning DCT of same nephron → regulates blood pressure

76
Q

3 types of cells in JG apparatus

A
  1. Macula densa of DCT
  2. Juztaglomerular cells
  3. Mesangial cells
77
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Located in wall of afferent arteriole → secrete renin

78
Q

Macula densa

A

Chemorecptors for Na and Cl

Microanatomy Exam 4 (14 decks)

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