Endocrine Part 2

Question 1

Chief cells produce?

Answer 1

PTH

Question 2

Principal cells of parathyroid

Answer 2

Chief cells

Question 3

PTH has what effect on serum electrolyte levels?

Answer 3

Increased [Ca], slightly decreased [PO4]

Question 4

What makes regulation of the parathyroid unique?

Answer 4

One of very few systems not regulated by pituitary gland → directly regulated by [Ca]

Question 5

[Ca] serum in the blood is monitored by the parathyroid how?

Answer 5

CaSR protein (Calcium sensing receptor)

Question 6

How does PTH increase serum [Ca]?

Answer 6

1. Osteoclasts
2. Ca retention in kidney
3. Increased Ca absorption in GI via increasing increased vitamin D

Question 7

Oxyphils are found in what species?

Answer 7

1. Human
2. Ox
3. horse

Question 8

Zona glomerulosa aka?

Answer 8

Zona arcuata

Question 9

Which zone of the cortex is not heavily influenced by ACTH?

Answer 9

Zona glomerulosa

Question 10

Zona glomerulosa is most influenced by what hormone?

Answer 10

Angiotensin II

Question 11

Function of zona glomerulosa

Answer 11

Produce mineralocorticoids

Question 12

Example of mineralocorticoid produces by zona glomerulosa

Answer 12

Aldosteron

Question 13

Mineralocorticoids produced in the zone glomerulosa have what function?

Answer 13

Increase Na and water retention by kidney

Question 14

Zona fasciculata produces?

Answer 14

Glucocorticoids (and some androgens)

Question 15

Example of glucocorticoid produced by zona fasciculata

Answer 15

Cortisol

Question 16

Zona fasciculata is stimulated to produce glucocorticoids by?

Answer 16

ACTH

Question 17

Function of glucocorticoids produced by zona fasciculata

Answer 17

1. Suppress inflammation
2. Increase gluconeogenesis in liver (anabolic)
3. Catabolic outside of liver (protein and glycogen breakdown → create substrates for #2)

Question 18

Result of too much cortisol

Answer 18

Immunosuppression

Question 19

Zona reticularis produces?

Answer 19

Androgens (and some glucocorticoids)

Question 20

What hormone stimulated the adrenal cortex (except for the zona glomerulus)?

Answer 20

ACTH

Question 21

Example of androgen produced by zona reticularis

Answer 21

Androstenedione (testosterone precurosr)

Question 22

Primary cell in medulla

Answer 22

Chromaffin

Question 23

Chromaffin cells are also called?

Answer 23

Pheochrome cells

Question 24

Chromaffin cells in medulla produce?

Answer 24

Catecholamines (epi and norepi)

Question 25

Medulla is stimulated to produce chromaffin by?

Answer 25

Preganglionic fibers of sympathetic NS

Question 26

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 26

Pituitary tumor → overproduction of ACTH → overproduction of glucocorticoids → chronic catabolic state

Question 27

What is the “third eye”?

Answer 27

Pineal gland

Question 28

Pineal gland in lower vertebrates acts as?

Answer 28

Light sensing organ

Question 29

Pineal gland in higher vertebrates

Answer 29

Retains light sensitivity but it buried in the brain

Question 30

Pineal gland location

Answer 30

Behind pituitary in brain

Question 31

Main function of pineal gland

Answer 31

Produce melatonin

Question 32

Functions of melatonin

Answer 32

1. Regulate puberty
2. Recreational drug metabolism
3. Seasonal breeding cycles
4. Circardian rythym

Question 33

Melatonin may regulate puberty through action on the?

Answer 33

Pituitary

Question 34

5 types of cells in pineal gland

Answer 34

1. Pinealocytes
2. Interstitial cells
3. Perivascular phagocytes
4. Penial neurons
5. Peptidergic neuron-like cells

Question 35

Major cells of pineal gland

Answer 35

Pinealocytes

Question 36

Pinealocyte function

Answer 36

Produce melatonin

Question 37

Why does pineal gland have perivascular phagocytes?

Answer 37

Not separated by blood-brain barrier → needs immune system

Question 38

Brain sand aka?

Answer 38

Corpora arenacea

Question 39

What is “brain sand”?

Answer 39

Calcium deposits in pineal gland