Kidneys

Question 1

What is the function of the kidneys?

Answer 1

remove waste products and filters blood
regulates electrolytes
regulates blood pressure
reabsorption of water, glucose and amino acids

Question 2

What does the volume of fluid depend on?

Answer 2

balance of fluid intake and output, kidneys are a major part of this process

Question 3

Where do we get the feeling of thirst?

Answer 3

receptor cells in hypothalamus activate when hypertonic conditions secrete hormones
receptor cell cease secretion when hypertonic condition is balanced

Question 4

How does the body know when there is too much fluid in the body?

Answer 4

heart activates stretch receptors which signals reduction of anti-diuretic hormone and less fluid reabsorbed by kidneys, which leads to dilation

Question 5

What happens when there is an increase in glomerular blood pressure?

Answer 5

increased filtration and less water being reabsorbed into plasma

Question 6

What are the hormones that are produced by kidneys?**

Answer 6

erythropoietin, renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (100%)

Question 7

What is the site of synthesis of erythropoietin in adults? (TQ)**

Answer 7

kidney

Question 8

What is the site of synthesis of erythropoietin in fetuses? (TQ)**

Answer 8

liver

Question 9

Is erythropoietin a neurotransmitter?**

Answer 9

no

Question 10

What is the function of erythropoietin?**

Answer 10

stimulate development of RBCs in bone marrow

Question 11

What is erythropoietin a treatment for?

Answer 11

anemia

Question 12

What can cause high levels of erythropoietin?

Answer 12

performance enhancing drug, but can cause dehydration (increased in exercise)
can also increase thickness of blood (leading to heart attacks and strokes)

Question 13

What does erythropoietin control the secretion of?**

Answer 13

STH
endorphins
substance P
ADH
oxytocin
thyroxine

Question 14

What is the function of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?**

Answer 14

regulates blood pressure and fluid balance, stimulates release of norepinephrine, increases vasoconstriction of blood vessels (increase blood pressure when pressure is too low)

Question 15

What happens if there is a loss of blood volume or blood pressure?**

Answer 15

the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus sense the drop in the BP or blood volume
the macula densa cells signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin

Question 16

What does the macula densa do?**

Answer 16

senses decrease in blood pressure, which causes decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GRF) and increases amount of water retension

Question 17

WHAT DOES PLASMA RENIN ACTIVATE THE CONVERSION OF?

Answer 17

ANGIOTENSINOGEN FROM LIVER –> ANGIOTENSIN i AND IS CONVERTED TO –>ANGIOTENSIN II - BY ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME FOUND IN THE LUNGS

THUS, LUNG PROBLEMS CAN LEAD TO KIDNEY PROBLEMS AND VICE VERSA

Question 18

What releases renin into circulation to decrease fluid flow?*

Answer 18

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 19

What does angiotenin II do in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Answer 19

causes blood vessels to constrict and stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Question 20

What is the function of aldosterone in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?**

Answer 20

increases reabsorption of sodium and water increasing blood pressure and fluid volume

Question 21

What are the hormones of the kidneys?

Answer 21

anti-diruetic hormone, aldosterone, parathyroid hormone, atrial naturetic hormone

Question 22

What is the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Answer 22

brings blood pressure back to normal