Diseases of the Kidney and Liver Flashcards
What is central diabetes insipidus?
decreased output of antidiuretic hormone that causes polyuria and excessive thirst
How does the body compensate for central diabetes insipidus?
increase aldosterone secretion, increased renal reabsorption of sodium excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions, which brings the blood pressure back to normal
What is the cause of central diabetes insipidus?**
a deficiency of ADH, before compensation, ADH is decreased and after, Aldosterone is increased
reason: blood pressure drops and body tries to restore it back to normal
What are the physical characteristics of central diabetes insipidus?
polyuria, dilute urine, hypotension, increased plasma concentration
What is the etiology of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?**
decreased sensitivity to ADH in the kidney, increased secretion of ADH from pituitary
What other factors are associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
high levels of calcium or low levels of potassium can block action of ADH
polycystic kidneys, spongy kidneys, sickle cell anemia
What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion?**
excessive release of antidiruetic hormone
causes fluid overload in patients which can lead to strokes, head trauma and brain tumors
What is located in the pancreas?**
beta cells
What hormones are synthesized in the beta cells of the pancreas?
insulin
Where is glucagon synthesized?**
alpha cells-islets of langerhans
What is the function of glucagon?**
increase blood glucose primarily
decrease plasma calcium secondarily
What does glucagon control the secretion of?
plasma glucosa, plasma calcium, STH, T4, PTH
What is the function of insulin?
decrease blood glucose, increase linear height
What does insulin control the secretion of?
blood glucose and SNS and PNS
What is the cause of diabetes?
insufficient production of insulin, production of defective insulin, inability of cells to use insulin
What are the characteristics of Type I diabetes?**
insulin dependent, juvenile onset diabetes
What is the mechanism of Type I diabetes?**
antibodies attack pancreas (beta cells)
pancreas is incapable of making insulin
patient will need insulin for life
What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?**
non-insulin dependent diabetes, adult onset
What is the mechanism of Type II diabetes?**
patient can still make insulin
body lacks sensitivity to insulin
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
elevated blood sugar glucose in the urine increase storage of fat and protein eventually weight loss nausea and vomiting infections
What is fasting blood sugar for a diabetic?
What should fasting blood sugar be for a regular person?
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How do you test for diabetes?
take a sample of fasting blood glucose by having them not eat for at least 8 hours
What are the complications of diabetes?
coronary heart disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, cataracts and glaucoma, kidney damage, nerve damage
