Diseases of the Kidney and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What is central diabetes insipidus?

A

decreased output of antidiuretic hormone that causes polyuria and excessive thirst

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2
Q

How does the body compensate for central diabetes insipidus?

A

increase aldosterone secretion, increased renal reabsorption of sodium excretion of hydrogen and potassium ions, which brings the blood pressure back to normal

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3
Q

What is the cause of central diabetes insipidus?**

A

a deficiency of ADH, before compensation, ADH is decreased and after, Aldosterone is increased

reason: blood pressure drops and body tries to restore it back to normal

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4
Q

What are the physical characteristics of central diabetes insipidus?

A

polyuria, dilute urine, hypotension, increased plasma concentration

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5
Q

What is the etiology of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?**

A

decreased sensitivity to ADH in the kidney, increased secretion of ADH from pituitary

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6
Q

What other factors are associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A

high levels of calcium or low levels of potassium can block action of ADH
polycystic kidneys, spongy kidneys, sickle cell anemia

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7
Q

What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion?**

A

excessive release of antidiruetic hormone

causes fluid overload in patients which can lead to strokes, head trauma and brain tumors

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8
Q

What is located in the pancreas?**

A

beta cells

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9
Q

What hormones are synthesized in the beta cells of the pancreas?

A

insulin

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10
Q

Where is glucagon synthesized?**

A

alpha cells-islets of langerhans

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11
Q

What is the function of glucagon?**

A

increase blood glucose primarily

decrease plasma calcium secondarily

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12
Q

What does glucagon control the secretion of?

A

plasma glucosa, plasma calcium, STH, T4, PTH

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13
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

decrease blood glucose, increase linear height

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14
Q

What does insulin control the secretion of?

A

blood glucose and SNS and PNS

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15
Q

What is the cause of diabetes?

A

insufficient production of insulin, production of defective insulin, inability of cells to use insulin

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I diabetes?**

A

insulin dependent, juvenile onset diabetes

17
Q

What is the mechanism of Type I diabetes?**

A

antibodies attack pancreas (beta cells)
pancreas is incapable of making insulin
patient will need insulin for life

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?**

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes, adult onset

19
Q

What is the mechanism of Type II diabetes?**

A

patient can still make insulin

body lacks sensitivity to insulin

20
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

A
elevated blood sugar
glucose in the urine
increase storage of fat and protein
eventually weight loss
nausea and vomiting
infections
21
Q

What is fasting blood sugar for a diabetic?

A
22
Q

What should fasting blood sugar be for a regular person?

A

~

23
Q

How do you test for diabetes?

A

take a sample of fasting blood glucose by having them not eat for at least 8 hours

24
Q

What are the complications of diabetes?

A

coronary heart disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, cataracts and glaucoma, kidney damage, nerve damage