Kidney Stones First-Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Where to kidney stones usually form?

A

In the kidney, duh. But mostly in the major and minor calyces

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2
Q

How are kidney stones generally treated?

A

Therapies for stone prevention more desirable than treatment. Usually encouraging fluid intake.

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3
Q

Why do stones form?

A

etiology of stone formation remains unclear, but we do know some predisposing factors

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4
Q

What are general risk factors for kidney stones?

A

increased concentration of solute in urine and low urine volume

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5
Q

What is the general clinical pictures for kidney stones?

A

unilateral flank tenderness, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria

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6
Q

What general structure will you see in kidney stones under the microscope?

A

layering of solute crystals

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7
Q

What are some Drugs That Can Form Stones?

A
  • Indinavir
  • Acyclovir
  • Triamterene
  • Sulfamethoxazole
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8
Q

What are some Drugs That Cause Stones?

A
  • Topiramide
  • Zonisamide
  • Indinavir
  • Vitamin D
  • Calcium supplements
  • Acetazolamide
  • Loop diuretics
  • Probenicid
  • Ethylene glycol
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9
Q

How prevalent are cystine stones?

A

cause 1% of stones may have genetic defect in 2 possible genes one is recessive (typeA) and one is incompletely dominant (typeB)

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10
Q

What shape are cystine stones?

A

hexagonal and radiopaque

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11
Q

Who gets cystine stones?

A

mostly children secondary to cystinuria and can form staghorn calculi

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12
Q

What test is positive with cystine stones?

A

sodium nitroprusside test

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13
Q

How do we treat cystine stones?

A

alkalinization of urine and hydration

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14
Q

What can cause primary hyperoxalosis?

A

Rare genetic disorders of liver enzymes leading to excessive endogenous oxalate synthesis with 3 known gene defects all autosomal recessive only way to completely treat is liver transplant

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15
Q

What are diet risk factors for stones?

A

Diet Risk Factors:
– Low fluid intake
– High salt intake
– High protein intake (especially meat)
– Low calcium intake
– High oxalate intake (spinach, beets, rhubarb,
nuts, beans, chocolate, soy products, tea?)

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16
Q

What is the most common type of stone?

A

calcium forms 80% of stones

17
Q

What do calcium stones look like?

A

envelope or dumbbell shaped radiopaque

18
Q

What do calcium stones have in them besides Ca?

A

oxalate or phosphate or both

19
Q

What promotes formation of calcium stones?

A

hypercalciuria can be idiopathic or secondary to hypercalcemia d/t cancer or increased PTH

20
Q

Ethylene glycol, vitamin c abuse and Crohn’s disease can predispose you to what kind of stone?

A

oxalate crystals

21
Q

How do you treat calcium stones?

A

thiazides (Ca sparing diuretic) and citrate

22
Q

What are some acute treatments for kidney stones?

A

Noninvasive: pain control, fluids, dissolution therpay
Extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Ureteroscopy: Stone basketing & Lithotripsy (laser, electrohydraulic)
Percutaneous approach (not used much anymore)
Post-obstructive infection medical/surgical emergency

23
Q

Generally, how do you diagnose kidney stones?

A

Imaging
– CT Scan
– Ultrasound

24
Q

How prevalent are uric acid stones and what are some risk factors?

A

about 5%

decreased urine volume, arid climates, gout, diseases with increased cell turnover (leukemia) and acidic pH

25
Q

What shape are uric acid stones?

A

rhomboid or rosettes that are radiolucent

26
Q

How do we treat uric acid stones?

A
  • Dilution
  • Low protein/high fruit diet
  • Alkalinize urine
  • Xanthine oxidase inhibitors– Allopurinol & Febuxostat
27
Q

What are ammonium magnesium phosphate stones AKA and how often do they happen?

A

struvite which is caused by infection with urease + bugs and cause about 15% of stones

28
Q

How do we treat struvite stones?

A
  • Dilution
  • Sterilize urine – eliminate urea splitting bacteria
  • Remove residual stone material (surgical)
  • Adjunctive therapies: Urease inhibitors – acetohydroxamic acid & Chemolysis – hemiacidrin
29
Q

What to struvite crystal look like?

A

coffin lids that are radiopaque