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Urology > Kidney stones > Flashcards

Kidney stones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

A

Calcium oxalate (75%)

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2
Q

What type of stone is caused by proteus infection?

A

Struvite stones

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3
Q

What type of stone is associated with staghorn calculi?

A

Struvite stones

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4
Q

Give 3 types of stone that tend to form in acidic urine

A

Calcium oxalate
Urate
Cysteine

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5
Q

Give 2 types of stone that tend to form in alkaline urine

A

Struvite

Hydroxyapatite

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6
Q

What is the peak age range for kidney stones?

A

20-40 years old

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7
Q

What is the main risk factor for cysteine stones?

A

Genetic cystinuria

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8
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of genetic cystinuria?

A

Autosomal recessive

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9
Q

How can you distinguish intercostal nerve irritation from kidney stones?

A

Pain is not colicky

Pain is worsened by particular movements/pressure spots

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10
Q

What is the definitive investigation for kidney stones?

A

Non-contrast CT

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11
Q

Give 3 elements of conservative management for kidney stones

A

Diclofenac for analgesia
Antibiotics for concurrent infection
Increased fluid intake

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12
Q

Which antibiotics should be used to treat infection concurrent with kidney stones?

A

Piperacillin/tazobactam or gentamicin

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13
Q

What are the indications for medical/surgical intervention for kidney stones?

A

Stone>5mm

Refractory pain

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14
Q

Give 2 medications that can be used to relax the ureter in acute kidney stones

A

Nifedipine

Tamsulosin

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15
Q

Give 2 temporary surgical interventions used for acute kidney stones

A

Ureteric stent

Nephrostomy

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16
Q

Give 2 definitive surgical interventions used for acute kidney stones

A

Shockwave lithotripsy

Ureteroscopy with basket

17
Q

Give 1 advantage of shockwave lithotripsy over ureterocopy for kidney stones

A

Does not require anaesthetic

18
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of shockwave lithotripsy over ureterocopy for kidney stones

A

May require repeated treatments
Less effective in obesity
Not possible for all stone locations

19
Q

What are the indications for percutaneous nephrolithotomy to remove kidney stones?

A

Large, multiple or complex stones

20
Q

What class of drugs is used to prevent calcium stones?

A

Thiazide diuretics

21
Q

Give 2 strategies for prevention of oxalate stones

A

Low oxalate intake

Pyridoxine

22
Q

Give 2 strategies for prevention of urate stones

A

Allopurinol

Urine alkalisation with potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate

23
Q

Give 2 strategies for prevention of cysteine stones

A

Penicillamine (with pyridoxine)

Urine alkalisation with sodium bicarbonate

Urology (6 decks)

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