Kidney's Flashcards
What is kidney disease?
occurs when the kidney’s are unable to perform their functions effectively due to damage or dysfunction
what are the 2 types of kidney disease?
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney disease
What are the functions of the kidneys?
filtration
reabsorption
secretion
hormone production
Explain filtration
filtering of waste products, toxins and excess substances from the bloodstream to form urine.
where does filtration occur?
nephrons
explain reabsorption
following filtration, substances such as water, electrolytes and glucose are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream to maintain balance and prevent excess loss in urine.
explain secretion
substances such as hydrogen ions and potassium ions are secreted by the kidneys into the urine to regulate acid based balance and electrolyte levels in the body
what is Acute kidney injury?
abrupt and usually reversible decline in glomeruler filtration rate which decreases kidney function.
What are the 3 causes of AKI
drugs and toxins
hypovolemia
hypoxia
how are AKI classified?
classified by where the problems occur
what are the 3 classifications of AKI
pre-renal
intra - renal
post - renal
Explain pre-renal
abnormalities outside the kidneys
results in decreased blood supply to the kidneys
what can cause pre-renal
may be caused by reduced cardiac output following heart failure, low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrohea or haemorrhage
explain intra-renal
abnormalities withing the kidney
may affect blood vessels, glomeruli or the tubules.
explain post-renal
obstruction of the urinary collection system
anywhere from the calyces in the kidney to the bladder.
what is chronic kidney disease?
presence of kidney damage for 3+ months
what is CKD associated with?
progressive and irreversible loss of large numbers of functioning nephrons.
How can the kidney’s adapt to loss of nephrons?
by increasing the use of the remaining ones.
what are some clinical indicators of CKD?
- increase in urinary albumin secretion equal to 30 mg per day.
- decreased kidney function shown by a reduced estimated GFR.
what does monitoring the estimated glomeruler filtration rate do?
allows for the stage and progression of the disease to be seen
name some treatments of CKD
provision of antihypertensive stategies
diet tailored to individual
what treatments should be avoided in people with CKD?
- NSAID and ACE inhibitors as they can reduce renal function
- nephrotoxic drugs
what are treatment methods to slow the progression of CKD
managing modifiable risk factors such as glycaemic control, weight management and exercise
what are the treatment options for end stage kidney disease?
dialysis
transplant
