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Mind and Body > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer staging?

A

the process to assess the extent to which the tumour has developed

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2
Q

What is the criteria used in staging cancer?

A

extent of tumour growth
how far it has extended into local tissues
where lymph nodes are involved - location and number
has it spread to distant sites.

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3
Q

what is TMN

A

internationally recognized cancer staging system

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4
Q

what does TMN stand for

A

Tumour
lymph Node involvement
Metastasis

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5
Q

What is metastasis?

A

it is a measure of the spread of the cancer.

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6
Q

describe In situ in relation to the staging of cancer

A

Abnormal cells are present and have not spread to nearby tissue

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7
Q

describe localised in relation to the staging of cancer

A

cancer is limited to the place where it started, has no sign of spreading

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8
Q

describe Distant in relation to the staging of cancer

A

cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

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9
Q

describe Unknown in relation to the staging of cancer

A

not enough information to figure out the stage

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10
Q

what’s another method to identify staging of cancer

A

using roman numerals to describe the size and spread

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11
Q

what is stage 0 in this form of cancer staging

A

abnormal cells present but not spread

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12
Q

what do stages I, II and III represent

A

that cancer is present
the higher the number, the larger the cancer tumour and the more it has spread to nearby tissues

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13
Q

what is stage IV

A

cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

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14
Q

what are the 2 pathways to a cancerous cell?

A

Epigenetic alterations
Genetic alterations

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15
Q

what are epigenetic alterations?

A

changes in DNA methylation or acetylation and gene expression

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16
Q

What are genetic alterations?

A

DNA mutation and faulty protein formation.
the impact of cell division

17
Q

Name some mutations that affect genes and whole chromosomes

A

Frame-shift, nonsense, mis-sense
translocation
Inversion
Insertion
Deletion
Amplifications

18
Q

what are the 4 hallmarks of cancer

A

continuous replication and increase in cell numbers
creation of tumour microenvironment
ability to metastasise
Genome instability leading to intertumoral hetrogeneity

19
Q

What is cancer metastases

A

the spread of cancer cells from the original tumour to other parts of the body

20
Q

5 main routes of cancer metastases

A

local invasion
Lymphatic system
cardiovascular system (CCC)
perineural via nerve bundles
Peritoneal fluid

21
Q

name some causes of cancer metastases

A

DNA Mutation of certain genes
changes in methylation patterns
epithelial to mesenchymal transition caused by microenvironment

22
Q

treatment options for cancer

A

surgery
radiotherapy
cytotoxic chemo
angiogenesis inhibitors
hormone therapy

23
Q

what is chemotherapy?

A

treatment that involves using drugs to kill cancer cells.

24
Q

what drugs are used in chemotherapy and why?

A

Cytotoxic drugs - because they are toxic to cells especially fast growing cells

25
Q

which route are these drugs administered through?

A

IV or orally

26
Q

what factors must be considered before beginning chemotherapy

A

stage of cancer
overall health
treatment goals

27
Q

why would cytotoxic chemotherapy be chosen as a form of treatment?

A

it’s designed to target and destroy rapidly dividing cells.
these drugs interfere with the multiplying of cancerous cells
this stops the spread and shrinks the tumour.

28
Q

contraindications of this treatment

A

chemo affects healthy cells in your body too such as bone marrow, hair follicles and digestive system

29
Q

what is the role of the nurse when their patient undergoes chemotherapy?

A

educate
monitor
manage pain
assess
administer
support

30
Q
A

Mind and Body (9 decks)

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