Kidney Pathology

Question 1

Normal resistive index of the kidney

Answer 1

0.5-0.69

Question 2

Formula for resistive index

Answer 2

PSV-ESV/PSV

Question 3

The kidneys process ____ gallons of retained fluids daily

Answer 3

45

Question 4

How much urine is expelled per day?

Answer 4

2 qts

Question 5

What is the endocrine function of the kidney?

Answer 5

metabolizes vitamin D

Question 6

What is the most common abnormality found on the kidney?

Answer 6

simple renal cyst

Question 7

What is the most common inherited renal pathology?

Answer 7

ARPKD

Question 8

Sonographic appearance of ARPKD

Answer 8

bilateral enlarged and echogenic kidneys

Question 9

Renal cysts are most often found where?

Answer 9

renal cortex

Question 10

Medullary sponge kidney is also called?

Answer 10

tubular ecstasia

Question 11

Medullary sponge kidney is what kind of congenital defect?

Answer 11

autosomal recessive

Question 12

Tubular ecstasia occurs in which population?

Answer 12

adults

Question 13

True or False: Medullary sponge kidney is usually unilateral

Answer 13

False; bilateral

Question 14

Sonographic appearance of tubular ecstasia

Answer 14

Pyramids are echogenic with or without shadowing; cotton balls

Question 15

ADPKD occurs in which population?

Answer 15

adults

Question 16

True or False: ADPKD is usually bilateral

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Sonographic appearance of ADPKD

Answer 17

bilateral, enlarged, kidneys with many cysts; clumps of grapes

Question 18

ADPKD can cause?

Answer 18

hypertension and renal insufficiency

Question 19

True or false: ADPKD can be cured

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Treatment for ADPKD

Answer 20

control hypertension, avoid high protein diet, avoid sodium, antibiotics

Question 21

Angiomyolipoma

Answer 21

benign tumor composed of fat cells

Question 22

Angiomyolipomas are usually found on which part of the kidney?

Answer 22

cortex

Question 23

Sonographic appearance of an angiomyolipoma

Answer 23

hyperechoic and homogenous

Question 24

Angiomyolipomas are commonly seen in patients with a history of?

Answer 24

tuberous sclerosis

Question 25

What is the most common benign kidney tumor?

Answer 25

adenoma

Question 26

Kidney adenomas are most commonly seen on which part?

Answer 26

cortex

Question 27

Adenomas can cause what symptom?

Answer 27

painless hematuria

Question 28

Renal adenomas are usually at least ___ in size

Answer 28

1 cm

Question 29

Renal cell carcinoma is also called?

Answer 29

hypernephroma or adenocarcinoma

Question 30

RCC is ____ % of all visceral cancers

Answer 30

1-3

Question 31

What is the most common malignant renal neoplasm?

Answer 31

RCC

Question 32

RCC is most common in which sex?

Answer 32

males

Question 33

True or False: 30% of patients with RCC have METS

Answer 33

True

Question 34

RCC can cause which symptom?

Answer 34

hematuria

Question 35

Nephroblastoma is also called?

Answer 35

Wilm's tumor

Question 36

Wilm's tumor

Answer 36

highly malignant childhood tumor with poor prognosis

Question 37

What is the most common type of renal infection?

Answer 37

acute pylonephritis

Question 38

Acute pyelonephritis is associated with?

Answer 38

renal obstruction, reflux, pregnancy, diabetes, immunosuppression, immunodeficiency, and pre existing lesions

Question 39

Acute pyelonephritis is most common in?

Answer 39

women

Question 40

Signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis

Answer 40

dysuria, back pain, fever, chills, increased WBCs

Question 41

Sonographic appearance of acute pyelonephritis

Answer 41

**enlarged hypoechoic kidney**, mild hydronephrosis, caliculi, can have hyperechoic areas that are abcesses

Question 42

What is the primary cause of chronic pyelonephritis?

Answer 42

bacterial infection

Question 43

Signs and symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 43

proteinuria, chronic UTIs, hypertension, renal failure

Question 44

Sonographic appearance of chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 44

atrophic with decreased thickness of renal parenchyma, focal or multifocal loss of parenchyma, areas of scarring

Question 45

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is caused by?

Answer 45

e. coli infection can causes gas in kidney

Question 46

Emphysematous pyelonephritis affects which population?

Answer 46

elderly and diabetic

Question 47

Sonographic appearance of emphysematous pyelonephritis

Answer 47

echogenic foci in parenchyma with ring down artifact

Question 48

Xanthrogranulomatous pyelonephritis is most commonly caused by?

Answer 48

chronic infection due to UPJ obstruction from staghorn calculus

Question 49

Sonographic appearance of xanthrogranulomatous pyelonephritis

Answer 49

staghorn calculus, pus filled calyces

Question 50

Nephronophthisis is also called?

Answer 50

uremic medullary cystic disease

Question 51

Nephronophthisis

Answer 51

bilaterally small kidneys, multiple cysts in medulla, increased echogenicity of the parenchyma

Question 52

Systemic lupus erythematosus is more common in?

Answer 52

women

Question 53

Hydronephrosis

Answer 53

dilatation of the renal collecting system

Question 54

How can obstruction of the ureter be ruled out?

Answer 54

visualization of the bladder jet

Question 55

Extrinsic cause of hydronephrosis

Answer 55

pregnancy and BPH

Question 56

Intrinsic cause of hydronephrosis

Answer 56

stone

Question 57

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 57

stones in the kidney

Question 58

The adrenal glands are located where in relation to the kidney?

Answer 58

Superior and anteriomedial

Question 59

The outer cortex releases hormes that control?

Answer 59

stress

Question 60

What pathologies are located on the adrenal cortex?

Answer 60

adenomas, myelolipomas, and cancer

Question 61

Adrenal cancer on the right side would displace the IVC how?

Answer 61

anteriorly

Question 62

Which pathologies are located on the adrenal medulla?

Answer 62

pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma