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kidney disorders Flashcards

1
Q

kidneys receive ___% of total cardiac output

A

25

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2
Q

contains nephrons

A

cortex

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3
Q

inner portion containing loop of henle, vasa recta, collecting ducts

A

medulla

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4
Q

responsible for the formation of filtrate that becomes urine

A

nephrons

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5
Q

once less than ___% of nephrons are functions, a pt is in end stage renal failure

A

15-20

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6
Q

normal GFR

A

90-125

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7
Q

these should never leave the body in urine

A

protein, glucose

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8
Q

hyperkalemia can lead to

A

cardiac arrhythmias

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9
Q

what can lower GFR

A

HTN, hyperlipidemia

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10
Q

T/F: the kidneys can endogenously produce bicarbonate for acid-base control

A

T

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11
Q

what do the kidneys make that are responsible for signaling bone marrow to produce RBCs?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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12
Q

what vitamin do the kidneys produce?

A

vitamin D (active form)

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13
Q

s/s:
- dyspnea
- tachycardia
- JVD
- peripheral edema
- pulmonary edema
- wt gain

A

hypervolemia

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14
Q

s/s:
- decreased UOP
- wt loss
- decreased skin turgor
- dry mucous membranes
- hypertension
- tachycardia

A

hypovolemia

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15
Q

nitrogen in the blood

A

azotemia

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16
Q

WASTE in the blood

A

uremia

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17
Q

chronic kidney disease is classified as a GFR of ___ lasting for ____months or longer

A

<60, 3

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18
Q

what will pt labs look like for chronic kidney disease?

A

decreased GFR, increased BUN & Cr, metabolic acidosis

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19
Q

what drug resolves metabolic acidosis

A

sodium bicarbonate (exogenous)

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20
Q

this signifies end stage kidney disease

A

uremia

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21
Q

s/s chronic kidney disease

A

CAD, anorexia, hyperparathyroidism, anemia, osteomalacia, uremia*

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22
Q

reversible causes CKD include

A

hypovolemia (diuretic use, vomiting, bleeding from sepsis, chronic NSAID use, contrast), urinary obstruction, BP

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23
Q

what drugs are used for BP control?

A

ACE inhibitors, ARBS

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24
Q

this nutrient should be restricted in kidney diseases

A

protein

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25
treatment for acute anemia
transfusions
26
treatment for chronic anemia
exogenous EPO
27
drug used for dyslipidemia treatment
statins
28
treatment of fluid volume overload
loop diuretic (furosemide/lasix)
29
treatment hyperkalemia
k-exelate, low K diet
30
s/s end stage kidney failure
pericarditis, uremic neuropathy, thyroid dysfunction, bacterial infections due to immunosuppresion, malnutrition, uremic bleeding
31
this can cause headaches, sleep disturbances, confusion/change in mental status
uremic neuropathy
32
hardening of renal arteries due to prolonged DM &/or HTN
nephrosclerosis
33
treatment nephrosclerosis
antihypertensives
34
inflammation of glomerulus
acute nephrotic syndrome
35
prominent cause of acute nephrotic syndrome
strep throat
36
s/s: - azotemia* - proteinuria - increased BUN/Cr - decreased UOP - hypoalbuminemia - hematuria
acute nephrotic syndrome
37
increased glomerular permeability due to glomerular damage
nephrotic syndrome
38
s/s: - massive proteinuria - increased WBC in urine - diffuse edema
nephrotic syndrome
39
result of repeated episodes of kidney injury, leading to development of fibrotic tissue
chronic glomerulonephritis
40
these can repeatedly damage kidneys
NSAIDs, HTN, DM
41
genetic disorder, development of cysts all over kidneys
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
42
s/s PKD
back/flank pain, chronic pain, loss of kidney function
43
goal of PKD treatment
transplant
44
acute kidney injury caused by HTN or heart failure would be called
prerenal
45
acute kidney injury caused by nephrotoxic agents or intratubular/acute tubular necrosis would be called
intrarenal
46
acute kidney injury caused by obstruction distal to kidney would be called
postrenal
47
phases of AKI
initiation, oliguria, diuresis, recovery
48
pt not voiding, state or uremia
oliguria
49
recivery from an AKI can take
3-12 months
50
T/F: there is a high mortality rate associated with AKIs
T
51
nutritional management for a pt with an AKI would include
high carbohydrate, low protein, low K, low phosphorous, low sodium
52
this area of the body tends to gather edema and is prone to skin breakdown
sacral
53
kidney disease progressed to the 5th stage
end stage kidney disease
54
what is the result of ESKD chronic calcium/phosphorous imbalance?
brittle bones
55
common symptom of ESKD
metabolic acidosis
56
s/s metabolic acidosis:
headache, hyperkalemia, kussumal respirations, change in LOC, warm/flushed skin, n/v/d
57
medical management ESKD
EPo exogenously, ACE/ARBS, anticonvulsants, calcium-binding agents, phosphorous binding agents, regulation protein intake, vitamin supplentation
58
types of hemodialysis
tunneled hemodialysis catheter, AV fistula, AV graft
59
preferred type of hemodialysis
AV fistula
60
how long does it take for an AV fistula to mature
2-3 months
61
blood diverted from pt to machine via use of a blood pump to dialyzer, cleans blood & returns to pt
hemodialysis
62
what should you listen & feel for in hemodialysis ports?
thrill, bruit
63
peritoneum serves an the semipermeable membrane, surgically placed tube in peritoneum
peritoneal dialysis
64
inflow & outflow in peritoneal dialysis should be ______
equal
65
patient manually performs peritoneal dialysis during waking hours
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
66
dialysis done at night through PD machine that automatically performs dialysis while pt is sleeping
automated periotneal dialysis (CCPD)
67
major complications peritoneal dialysis
peritonitis, leakage/inflow versus outflow, bleeding
68
major sign peritonitis is _______ fluid
cloudy
69
the only time bleeding is normal in peritoneal dialysis
initially & while women are menstruating
70
CRRT is only performed in _____ settings
ICU
71
indication for CRRT
hemodynamically ustable
72
possible dialysis complications:
hypotension, air embolus, SOB, vitamin deficiencies
73
uremia can cause a _____ taste in a pt's mouth
metallic
74
treatment of choice for ESKD
transplant

adult health (10 decks)

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