KIDNEY AND UROLOGY Flashcards
The addition of the anti-androgen reduces the risk of which one of the following side effects of the gonadorelin analogue (goserelin)?
Tumour ‘flare’
approximately what percentage of men who have a prostate biopsy for an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are found NOT to have prostate cancer?
75
post-treatment surveillance of localised andlocally advanced prostate cancer
Serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) monitoring
commonly presents with urinary urgency, frequency and nocturia. Symptoms are usually of long duration (months to years)
Overactive bladder
urinary frequency, urinary urgency and urge incontinence lasting weeks to months
bladder cancer
what PERCENTAGE of men who have a normal prostate specific antigen (PSA) test are subsequently found to have prostate cancer (false negative result)
15
drug is MOST likely to lowerprostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels
:5a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride and dutasteride)
refers to a sample where less than 50% of the sperm are moving, as in this case of general motility reduction
Asthenozoospermia
indicates a complete failure to produce any sperm
Azoospermia
indicated by a semen analysis where less than 15% of sperm have normal morphology
Teratozoospermia
characterised by a sperm count of less than 20 million/ml.
Oligozoospermia
Acute prostatitis needs to be treated with
ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 14 days
testicular tumour which occurs in men aged over 50 years?
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
testicular tumour which occurs in adult males between 20–60 years of age
Seminoma
pain from interstitial cystitis mangement if opioids ans nsaids do not work
amitryptilline
Alkalinising agents (such as potassium citrate) can reduce the effectiveness of which SINGLE antibiotic?
Nitrofurantoin
Men need to be informed that there is a small increased risk of which 2 types of cancer after radical external beam radiotherapy.
colorectal and bladder cancer
most common presenting feature of a Wilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma)
Abdominal mass
, can cause a false positive elevation in PSA and testing should be avoided for two days after the activity.
Vigorous exercise, such as cycling
medication that halves PSA after 9-12 months of use
5a-reductase inhibitor
What musculoskeletal complication can be associated with ciprofloxacin
Tendon damage
BEST EVIDENCE of effectiveness for ED treatment
Tadalafil
MOST appropriate first-line drug treatment for overactive bladder (OAB) in women
Oxybutynin
which is the MINIMUM wait after a urine infection before prostate-specific antigen (PSA) should be measured
6 weeks
PSA should not be measured if (4x)
ejaculated 48 hours
exercise within 48 hours
urine infection within 6 weeks
urologiucal intervention witithin 6 weeks
tests is the gold standard to confirm the nephrotic syndrome
24-hour urine collection for protein:creatinine ratio
Which SINGLE clinical feature, when combined with a testicular lump, INCREASES the PPV for testicular cancer?
Testicular pain
classical symptoms of a renal cancer (triad)
haematuria, loin pain and a loin mass
should also raise suspicion of a left-sided renal cancer
new left-sided varicocele
ethnic group is at HIGHEST RISK of prostate cancer
Black
Patients at high risk of recurrence
strong family history as well as early onset urolithiasis (<25 years), recurrent urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and disease-associated urolithiasis (inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes).
Which is the SINGLE MOST likely site of pain in both chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men?
Perineal
Which is the SECOND MOST likely site of pain in both chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men?
Testicular
Initial investigationfor haematospermia
Midstream urine sample
can be used for controlling urinary symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency
Anticholinergics such as oxybutynin and tolterodine
first-line to manage troublesome hot flushes secondary to androgen deprivation therapy, initially for a period of 10 weeks
Medroxyprogesterone
Hunner lesions are identified on cystoscopy
Interstitial cystitis
when to refer for same day admission for AKI
when there is no obvious cause (if there is an obvious cause, need to repeat renal function, but no need to refer)
prostatitis, abx did not work, next medication?
tamsulosin (not another abx)
management for prostatits (abx, 2 options)
trimethoprim 200mg BD for 4-6 weeks or doxycycline 100mg BD for 4-6 weeks
Which ONE of the following tumour markers is the SINGLE MOST likely to be elevated with a testicular seminoma?
none, Tumour markers are rarely elevated with testicular seminoma
In addition to pain, whichof the following is the MOST LIKELY presentation of chronic bacterial prostatitis?
UTI
Men considering treatment for their lower urinary tract symptoms should be offered what baseline assessment
International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)
Which of the following makes up the HIGHEST risk factor for developing prostate cancer?
Age over 50 years
drugs that has a relative contraindication to requesting an Intravenous urogram (IVU)
Metformin
potential risk for patients on metformin and receiving contrast media
lactic acidosis
appropriate option for post-treatment surveillance of localised andlocally advanced prostate cancer
Serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) monitoring
lesion which typically occur on the glans or shaft of the penis, labia of the female, inside of the cheeks and on the lips
Fordyce spots
