Kidney- Anatomy

Question 1

The Renal Medulla contains what structures?

Answer 1

Medullary Pyramids & Renal Columns

Question 2

What is the order from innermost to outermost of the layers of fat, of the kidney?

Answer 2

Innermost:
Perirenal Fat: Goes into the Renal Sinus

Renal fascia: seperates the Perirenal fat from the Pararenal fat

Pararenal Fat: Outermost

Question 3

What is a Pelvic Kidney (Ectopic Kidney)?

Answer 3

It is when a kidney fails to ascend.

Question 4

What is a Horseshoe Kidney?

Answer 4

It is the fusion of the lower poles of both of the kidneys. This may obstruct the urinary tract my its impingement on the ureters.

Question 5

What are the three constriction points of the Ureter?

Answer 5

1) Renal pelvis tapering off into the ureter
2) Ureter passing over the pelvic brim
3) Just as the ureter is about to empty into the urinary bladder

Question 6

For a Kidney transplant, the transplanted Kidney is placed where?

Answer 6

In the Iliac fossa. The Suprarenal gland is left in place.

Question 7

What are the destinations, within the abdomen, of the following Thoracic Splanchnic nerves?

1) Greater Splanchnic N.
2) Lesser Splanchnic N.
3) Least Splanchnic N.

Answer 7

1) Great Splanchnic N. –> Celiac Ganglion
2) Lesser Splanchnic N. –> Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
3) Least Splanchnic N. –> Aortico renal ganglion

Question 8

Where will the Anterior and Posterior vagal trunks end up?

Answer 8

They will end up in the Renal plexus, via, traveling along the Renal A.

Question 9

The Uniferous Tubule is composed of what?

Answer 9

Nephron & Collecting (Duct) Tubule

Question 10

The Macula Densa is located in what structure?

Answer 10

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Question 11

How are the Vasa Recta formed?

Answer 11

They branch off of the effferent arteriole. Then, descend into the medulla and surround the collecting ducts and loops of Henle.

Question 12

What is the function of the Mesangial Cells?

Answer 12

They can contract and regulate glomerular filtration by controlling blood flow through the capilllaries.

Also, they synthesize bone matrix and collagen.

& Respond to Angiotensin II

Question 13

What are the two layers of the Capsule of Bowman?

Answer 13

Parietal Layer: Associated with the surrounding connective tissue.

Visceral Layer: Surrounds the Glomerular Capillaries.

Question 14

What is the area between the two layers of the Capsule of Bowman called?

Answer 14

The urinary space

Question 15

What is the histological characterization of the parietal layer of the Capsule of Bowman?

Answer 15

Squamous Epithelial Cells

It is continuous with the simple squamous epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 16

Podocytes are derived from what?

Answer 16

Visceral layer of the Capsule of Bowman

Question 17

What together makes up thee Glomerular Filtration System?

Answer 17

Fenestrated epithelium of the Glomerular capillaries, Podocytes, and Basement Membrane

Question 18

What is present along the Apical side of the PCT to enhance reabsorbtion?

Answer 18

Microvillus; brush border

Question 19

What is the main distinction between the PCT and DCT?

Answer 19

PCT: Has microvilli

DCT: Does not

Question 20

What is a characteristic of the Thick Segment of the Nephron?

Answer 20

It has low simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 21

What is a characteristic of the Thin Segments of the nephron?

Answer 21

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 22

What is a characteristic of the Ascending Limb?

Answer 22

Impermeability to water

Question 23

What is a characteristic of the Interstitial Cells?

Answer 23

Span between the loops of Henle and adjacent Vasa Recta

Question 24

What is a major function of interstitial cells?

Answer 24

Production of EPO

Question 25

What are the three components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 25

1) Macula Densa
2) Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
3) Juxtaglomerular Cells

Question 26

What is the function/ characteristics of the Juxtaglomerular Cells?

Answer 26

1) Produces Renin

2) Modified smooth muscle of the afferent arteriole

Question 27

What are some characteristics of the Collecting Tubules?

Answer 27

They have Principle Cells:

1) Containing a single Apical Non-motile Cilium
This acts as a Mechanoreceptor of fluid flow

2) Intercalated Cells: w/ Abdudnat Mitochondria and Microvilli

Question 28

What is the funciton of the Vasa Recta?

Also, describe the histological characteristics related to their function.

Answer 28

Function: Drain the efferent arteriole near the medullary-cortical junction.

Descending: Arterial capillaries with continuous endothelial cells

Ascending: Venous Capillaries with fenestrated endothelial cells

Question 29

What is a medullary ray?

Answer 29

Axis of the lobule; in which multiple nephrons of the same lobule drain into the collecting duct.

Vasa Recta form into Medullary rays

Question 30

What is the route of blood flow through the veins of the kidney?

Answer 30

Peritubular Capillary Network –> Interlobular Vs. –> Arcuate Vs.–> Interlobar Vs.

Question 31

The vasa recta are associated with what type of nephron?

Answer 31

Juxtaglomedullary nephron

Question 32

Peritubular Capillary Network are associated with type of nephron?

Answer 32

Associated with a cortical nephron

Question 33

The Urothelium is considered what type of epithelium?

How does this change with urine present in the bladder and not?

Answer 33

Urothelium: Transitional type of epithelium.

Bladder Full: Pseudostratified epithelium

Bladder Empty: Columnar like Epithelium

Question 34

What is present on the apical side of the ureter to allow for large adjustments in surface area?

Answer 34

Apical Plaque