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phsycology gcse > keywords and definitions > Flashcards

keywords and definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Development

A

The study of how thinking and reasoning skills develop from infancy through adulthood.

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2
Q

Schema

A

A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of taking in new information and incorporating it into existing cognitive schemas.

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4
Q

Accommodation

A

The process of altering existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new information.

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5
Q

Attachment

A

A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space.

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6
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response originally produced by another stimulus.

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7
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning where behaviour is controlled by consequences, such as rewards and punishments.

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8
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing and imitating the behaviour of others.

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9
Q

Memory

A

The processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

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10
Q

Encoding

A

The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

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11
Q

Storage

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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12
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of recalling information stored in memory.

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13
Q

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A

A memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that stores information over long periods.

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14
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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14
Q

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A

A limited-capacity memory system where information is retained for a brief period.

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15
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system.

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16
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and transmitting information in the body.

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16
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit impulses.

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17
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

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18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

A part of the brain involved in the formation of new memories.

19
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The part of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and controlling behavior.

20
Q

Amygdala

A

A brain structure involved in processing emotions, especially fear and pleasure.

21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A brain structure that regulates vital functions such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and body temperature.

21
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

22
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response originally produced by another stimulus.

23
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning where behaviour is controlled by consequences, such as rewards and punishments.

24
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

The theory that behavior is learned through observing and imitating others, as well as through the rewards and punishments received for those behaviors.

25
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency to change one’s behavior or beliefs to match those of others, often in response to real or imagined group pressure.

26
Q

Obedience

A

Following orders or commands from an authority figure.

27
Q

Social Facilitation

A

The tendency for people to perform tasks better when in the presence of others.

27
Q

Social Loafing

A

The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone.

28
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in need when other people are present.

29
Q

Psychological Disorder

A

A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

30
Q

Depression

A

A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities.

31
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A

A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

32
Q

phobia

A

An intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.

32
Q

Anxiety

A

A mental health disorder characterized by excessive fear or anxiety that interferes with daily activities.

32
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A severe mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, emotions, and behavior.

33
Q

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

34
Q

bipolar disorder

A

A mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of elevated mood or mania.

35
Q

Antidepressants

A

Medications used to treat depression and other mood disorders by altering the balance of chemicals in the brain.

36
Q

Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

A

A type of psychotherapy that aims to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are causing people’s problems, thereby changing the way they feel.

37
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Improvement in a patient’s condition resulting from the mere expectation of treatment.

38
Q

Locus of Control

A

The degree to which people believe they have control over the outcome of events in their lives.

39
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Performing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence.

40
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Performing an activity to obtain an outcome that is separable from the activity itself.

41
Q

Self-Actualization

A

The realization or fulfilment of one’s talents and potentialities, considered as a drive or need present in everyone.

42
Q

Neurotransmission

A

The process by which signalling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by a neuron to send signals to other neurons.

43
Q

Plasticity

A

The capacity of the brain to change and adapt as a result of experience and new learning.

phsycology gcse (6 decks)

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