development Flashcards
understanding development
What are the main stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational.
Define a schema in the context of cognitive development.
A schema is a mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.
What is meant by conservation in Piaget’s theory?
Understanding that certain properties of objects remain the same despite changes in form or appearance.
Describe egocentrism as observed in the pre-operational stage.
Egocentrism is the difficulty in seeing the world from perspectives other than one’s own.
Explain Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding.
Scaffolding is when a more knowledgeable other provides support to help a learner achieve tasks they cannot complete independently.
Summarize Bowlby’s attachment theory.
Bowlby’s attachment theory posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of survival.
What are the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth in the Strange Situation?
Secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized.
What does Bandura’s social learning theory emphasize?
Bandura’s social learning theory emphasizes that behaviour is learned through observation, imitation, and modelling.
Define the zone of proximal development (ZPD).
The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance.
What is maturation in developmental psychology?
Maturation is the process of development in which an individual matures or reaches full functionality, often influenced by genetic factors.
