keygoOVR Flashcards
what is needed for:
alkene to alkane
H2, Nickel catalyst
what is needed for:
alcohol to haloalkane
NaX e.g. (NaBr) and H2SO4.
?distil?
what is needed for:
alcohol to alkene
heat, conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4
what is needed for:
alkene to alcohol
steam hydration, H3PO4 catalyst
what is needed for:
alkane to haloalkane
UV light
what does bromine test for
presence of c=c
average bond enthalpy
the enthalpy change when 1 mol of bonds of gaseous covalent bonds break
stereoisomer
same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
3 ways polymers can be disposed of and detail
- buried- e.g. landfill= used for plastics that are difficult to separate
- reused- organic feedstock
- burned- this can generate electricity/ energy however wasteful products may be produced
sigma bond
when 2 s orbitals overlap, they overlap in a straight line giving the highest possible density
pi bond
sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals
-sticks out above and below the nuclei- lower bond enthalpy
heterolytic bond fission
-the bond breaks unevenly, one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons
homolytic bond fission
-the bond breaks evenly and each atom receives 1 electron, forms free radicals
why is each successive ionisation energy higher than the one b4
- as each electron is removed, there is less repulsion between the remaining electrons so each will be drawn closer to the nucleus
Br2 in water and cyclohexane
both orange
I2 in water and cyclohexane
water= brown cyclohexane= purple
3 reasons why one element has a higher 1st ionisation than another
- increased shielding
- increased atomic radii
- less nuclear attraction
how is a pi bond formed
the sideways overlap of adjacent P orbitals
chlorine atoms destroying the ozone:
cl2---> 2Cl. Cl.+O3---> ClO. + O2 ClO. + O--> Cl. + O2 overall O3 + O ---> 2O2
